Petroleum and why you might be redneck Petr-

Petroleum and why you might be redneck Petr- “rock” Oleum - “oil”

• It’s important to conserve petroleum resources • But what is it made of? • Crude oils underground have to be processed A blob of crude washed up onto a beach after seeping out from underground A petri dish of light crude oil

• We separate the crude oil by transporting it to refineries • Refined petroleum is a mix of hydrocarbons – Just H & C On oil tankers carrying 4. 1 mil barrels (140 bil gallons) the crew uses bikes to get around. Cost around 1. 4 bil to make

Cheapest way to transport • Trans. Alaskan Pipeline 800 mile – Prudhoe bay - Valdez – Crosses mtn. ranges, fault lines, permafrost – Nixon authorized – Oil travels warm

Maintenance • Can be surveyed by air in ~2 hours • Has been attacked – 1978 explosion • Forest fires, earthquakes • Used to be frequent spills, less now Pipeline on sliders where it crosses Denali fault

Signs you might be a redneck • 2001 drunken local man Dan Lewis – Shot hole in weld – Leak ruined 2 football fields of land, – 10 K fine, 10 years in jail – Cost 17 mil to clean up – "I'll shoot it if I want. I'll put a hole right through it"

Plans for Alaskan Natural Gas Pipeline • Could we pipe oil from Alaska to Washington? • 1977 Justice Berger’s report – From Vancouver – 5 mil. – 40 K pages – Political, social, and envi impact – Conclusion: Probably shouldn’t, but wait ten years.

Today • Should gov’t give Alaska & Canada money to pay for such a pipeline? • Political MESS. I mean MESS • Indians have a big stake • Exxon. Mobil, BP, and Conoco. Phillips want it • Texas Oil companies & Chevron. Texaco don’t want $ going to support gas from Canada So Bush is against it. • More gas, but aren’t we too dependant already?

• Burning petrol = ½ of U. S. E needs • An avg. U. S. Car travels 14, 000 miles/ year • Heating and making electricity • Raw Material for stuff If both your dog and your wallet are on a chain…

From your experience What % of petrol is used for burning? What % is used for raw materials?

• • 89% of petrol is used as fuel 7% is used for products and medicines 4% lubricants, road-paving For every gallon used to make something permanent and useful 5 gallons are burned

Combustion rxns • Burning hydrocarbons means reacting them with O 2 and producing carbon dioxide gas, water vapor, and E • These end up in Atm. • It happens in your body

• Burnt hydrocarbons are used up • They take millions of years to reform • It’s a nonrenewable resource

• We have about 5% of the world’s reserve of oil but use 31%, Asia uses 27%, Europe uses 19% • The middle east has 66% of the reserves.

Seperation by distillation • If two mixed liquids have separate boiling points you can separate them. • Usually smaller molecules are easier to boil.

• Dif. sizes of hydrocarbons boil at dif. temps. and are refined by fractional distillation • 15 story towers

• As the boiling vapors rise they condense back into liquid form as they cool higher up • The heaviest hydrocarbons never boil, – Called bottoms – Petroleum jelly, and road asphalt

Fractional distillation towers

L. A. refinery

• Last year there was a fire at the world’s largest refinery • Place employees 10 s of thousands

• World’s largest refinery – Venezuela 940, 000 barrels per day (bpd) • Exxon owns one in Baytown U. S. (pictured right) – 557, 000 bpd • If your mother has “ammo” on her Christmas list you might be from texas

Close by oil refineries • • In PA most refineries are by Philly Some are in top middle of state Historical One in Venango county One in WV across the border from Aliquippa right on the Ohio river – 19, 400 bpd

Components of petrol • Part’s of petroleum have boiling points lower than 40 o C. – They only have 1 -4 carbons – Weak intermolecular forces. – Used as heating fuels, plastics • Gas, kerosene, oils – 5 -20 carbons If you have ever been in a fight over a hunting dog…

• Carbon has 6 electrons • 2 filling in first shell • 4 valence open for bonding • Gives it versatility • Typically covalent bonds – Sharing electrons If you have ever stolen toilet paper…

Alkanes • A string of carbon atoms each forming a single covalent bond with 4 other atoms • Methane is simplest – Tetrahedron shape • Branched chains are possible – Isomers – same formula dif. shape If you have ever shot an animal on a golf course…

Fuels and Climate • Cold vs. hot means dif. fuel consumption • Transport, storage issues • What physical property of petroleum should engineers consider in this issue?

PA and Petrol History • Titusville, 1859 first U. S. oil well • Edwin Drake owned it • Boom Town • At one time had more millionares per K of people than anywhere else If you take a fishing pole into Sea World…

Energy Trace • Take anything, a paper clip • What events took place to produce one and get it into your hands? • Where did the energy come from? • Is the cost of paper clips related to the materials used or the energy used? • Take a new car.

Fossil Fuels • Petroleum, Natural Gas, Coal • Carbon pressed from living matter in ancient seas 500 mya • Lots of potential E • We transduce the chemical E into movement, heat, light, sound • Law of Conservation of E: energy is neither created nor destroyed. • No reaction is 100% perfect some E is lost as heat. That’s why you’re 98. 6

Automobile E conversions • What kind of energy change happens from the gas tank to Engine Cylinder? • Cylinder to Piston? • Piston to Crankshaft? • Crankshaft to Wheels?

How do cars lose E • Only 25% of the E in gas is converted to useable horse power. • The rest becomes heat we have to deal with • Exhaust, engine frictions, cylinder cooling • A car on the free way could generate enough heat to fill 2 houses

1. intake/induction stroke Gas/air mixture is sucked in 2. compression stroke Mixture is compressed 3. power stroke Mixture is ignited, expands 4. exhaust stroke Burnt mixture is expelled

Assignment • Show the work for determining how far one family car drives in a week. • How many miles can the car go on 1 gal? • How much gas does the car use in a year?

• If an avg. car uses 23 mpg and travels 14, 000 miles a year… – How much fuel is used in a year? – If gas is 3. 00 a gallon how much is spent? – If gas increases 10 cents how much more is spent? – See http: //www. fueleconomy. gov/feg/bestworst. shtml – See Petroleum. Fuel. Economy Worksheet – Collect each classes mileage and award class with lowest mpg

Altering Fuels – A barrel of crude is ~ 18% gasoline – It can be altered so that its 47% • Cracking – Heat 16 C Kerosene to 600 o and it breaks into 2, 8 C octanes. – With a catalyst it’s only 500 – Catalytic Cracking Unit (Cat)

Engine Knock • Gas is straight chain alkanes • Some times in the cylinder the compressed gas blows from the pressure before the spark plug ignites it. • Piston bangs against crankshaft at wrong time • “pinging” or “knocking”

To fix engine knock • An isomer of octane • 2, 2, 4 -trimethylpentane or isooctane for short is added and it doesn’t ping at all • Why do you think its called 2, 2, 4 -trimethylpentane

Octane Scale • 100 is isooctane • 0 is straight chain heptane • Researchers test engines and engines under a load (towing) with dif. fuels to get an octane rating. • Usually 80 s -90 s – An 80 rating gas has the same knock as 80% isooctane 20% heptane

Thomas Midgely the Horrible • Working for GM he discovered tetraethyl lead reduced engine know – Improved octane rating by 3 or 4 – Lead is a neurotoxin and bad for you • Drove King George mad – One of those things that isn’t in nature normally, we introduce a lot.

• They knew it was unhealthy but • GM, Du Pont, and Standard Oil started selling as much leaded gas as people would buy. – Workers at plants got poisoned – Spokesman said, “They probably went insane from working too hard. ” If you have trophies for winning spitting contests…

• Midgely had been severely poisoned • Only handled the stuff when in front of reporters. • Midgely went on to make CFC’s which caused the hole in the ozone layer. – Single organism whose had the biggest impact – Also from Beaver Falls

Oxygenated fuels • Replaced adding lead • Deliver less E per gallon • But increase octane number while reducing pollutants • More complete combustion, lower emissions

• Methanol is a common additive – Can be made from corn, grass, wood – Saves oil – 10 % ethanol 90% gas mixture: Gasohol – AKA E 10 – Viable energy alternative – But how much E does it take to grow the corn? – Getting popular in tropical regions where its easy to grow – About ½ gas in U. S. Contains Ethanol

E 85 • 85% ethanol 15% gas • Used in midwest and Minnesota • 70 cents cheaper gallon for cars that can burn it. • 27% less E per gallon but burns more efficiently.

MTBE • Methyl tertiary-butyl ether has an octane number of 116. – Reduced air pollutants – Was most common additive in 90’s but – Mixes easy with water – Leakage from underground storage contaminated groundwater – Bad taste & odor – Smells like turpentine – A spoonful would ruin a swimming pool

Diesel fuel • Density 850 g/L • Gas 720 g/L – 15% less • Also releases 15% less Joules • Easier to refine • Pollutes more per unit, but burns more efficiently so less polluting over all • Also more sulfur Rudolf Diesel

• Laws for Diesel are becoming more strict

• 6 K gallons used during NEXTEL cup • 216, 000 gal during 2006 season • A NASCAR Gets 3 mpg • Unregulated by EPA • What organic farmer is going to hate Monsanto & the big farms. An if rules And customers might not want GMO changed? customers might want whatever is cheap. Other

How long’s oil going to last • Controversy! • Idea of peak oil (Hubbert, ’ 56), based on production rates, reserves and the history of discovery you can predict when we’ll have found as much oil as we’re going to find. – But which #’s to use? – www. peakoil. net

The Economic Hiroshima • In ’ 56 Hubbert was able to predict the oil shortage of the 70’s – Then Venezuala pushed up production and we bounced • In ’ 74 he predicted ’ 95 would be another peak, but in the 80’s we started switching to sissy cars. Daimler’s smart car

• After a well is ½ empty it takes more work (oil) to clean it out. – What happens when you use more oil to pump out less oil? – Prices rise

Graph showing a variety of predictions of peak oil

• ’ 98 the King of Saudi Arabia said, "The oil boom is over and will not return. . . All of us must get used to a different lifestyle. " – Neat guy, ruled from 82 – ’ 95 when he had a stroke. – Died 10 years later • His 84 YEAR OLD bro the new king – 22 kids, 4 sons – Our very good friends – ¼ of the world’s oil is theirs • Their Father the first monarch of Saudi had 37 sons and ~ 25 daughters ~ 12 -20 wives Pessimism on Peaking

Pessimists • Texas Oil Tycoon Boone Pickens said it peaked in ’ 05 • 3 billionare • 117 th richest in US • Building US’s largest wind farm in Texas • 2 ex wives, only 5 kids • Association for Study of Peak Oil said it’ll peak in ‘ 10

Optimism • Cambridge Energy Research Associates Think it’ll plateau and stay plateau’d for decades. • Exxon execs’ think we’ve got at least 25 years • USDOEnergy: Production is going up. • OPEC hasn’t said anything definite

Cornucopian • someone who believes that continued progress and provision of material items for mankind can be met by advances in technology • The horn of plenty giveth.

Hirsch report Published Feb 05 For DOE Concludes…. • World oil peaking is going to happen, and will likely be abrupt. • Oil peaking will adversely affect global economies, particularly those most dependent on oil. • Oil peaking presents a unique challenge (“it will be abrupt and revolutionary”). • The problem is liquid fuels (growth in demand mainly from transportation sector). • Mitigation efforts will require substantial time. • 20 years is required to transition without substantial impacts • A 10 year rush transition with moderate impacts is possible with extraordinary efforts from governments, industry, and consumers • Late initiation of mitigation may result in severe consequences. • Both supply and demand will require attention. • It is a matter of risk management (mitigating action must come before the peak). • Government intervention will be required. • Economic upheaval is not inevitable (“given enough lead-time, the problems are soluble with existing technologies. ”) • More information is needed to more precisely determine the peak timeframe.

Scenarios • Waiting until world oil production peaks before taking crash program action leaves the world with a significant liquid fuel deficit for more than two decades. • Initiating a mitigation crash program 10 years before world oil peaking helps considerably but still leaves a liquid fuels shortfall roughly a decade after the time that oil would have peaked. • Initiating a mitigation crash program 20 years before peaking appears to offer the possibility of avoiding a world liquid fuels shortfall for the forecast period.

• Note a gallon gets you 44 miles in Germany, 22 miles in the states

Size of an oil well