Pertemuan III Phrases Pembahasan modul 5 Waktu 60 menit 17/03/2018
Tujuan Instruksional Khusus Mahasiswa diharapkan dapat: • mengetahui definisi Phrase; • mengetahui jenis Phrase; • mengidentifikasi Phrase dalam kalimat. 17/03/2018
Definisi Frasa • Phrase is more than one word – phrases are groups of words that do not contain both a subject and a verb – they lack subject/verb combinations 17/03/2018
Jenis Frasa My mother has seemed rather upset with me just recently Ps. P N NP Aux V VP Adv Adj Aj. P P Ob Adv PP Sentence N (Noun), V (Verb), Adj (Sdjective), Adv (Adverb), Aux (Auxiliary Verb), Ob (Object), Ps. P (Possessive Pronoun), P (Preposition), NP (Noun Phrase), VP (Verb Phrase), Aj. P (Adjective Phrase), PP (Prepositional Phrase), Av. P (Adverb Phrase) 17/03/2018 Av. P Adv
Noun phrases • When we see a noun as performing a role in a sentence, we think of it as a noun phrase. • A noun phrase may function as the subject or object of a clause. • A noun phrase may consist of a single word (a noun or pronoun) or a group of words. • The most important noun in a noun phrase is called the headword. 17/03/2018
Examples of noun phrases (headword in brackets) • (She) always bought the same (newspaper). • A young (man) in a suit was admiring the (view) from the window. • Concentrated sulphuric (acid) must be handled carefully. • My old maths (teacher) was Austrian. 17/03/2018
The syntax of noun phrases • The headword of a noun phrase may be premodified by determiners, adjectives or other nouns. • For example, a large, dinner (plate). • It may be post-modified by a prepositional phrase. • This is simply a noun phrase with a preposition at the beginning. • For example, a (painting) by Rembrandt. • Can you spot the modifiers in the last slide? (Left arrow key takes you back) 17/03/2018
Adjective phrases • An adjective acts as the head of an adjectival phrase. In the simplest case, an adjectival phrase consists solely of the adjective; more complex adjectival phrases may contain one or more adverbsmodifying the adjective ("very strong"), or one or more complements (such as "worth several dollars", "full of toys", or "eager to please"). In English, attributive adjectival phrases that include complements typically follow their subject ("an evildoer devoid of redeeming qualities"). 17/03/2018
Prepositional Phrase • Preposition – a word used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence. Common prepositions: about, above, across, around, at, before, between, by, concerning, during, except, for, from, into, of, over, since, through, toward, under, until, upon, within. • Def. – A prepositional phrase is a group of words beginning with a preposition and usually ending with a noun or pronoun. • Examples – at the lake; inside the house; under the sea; along the path 17/03/2018
• Rule of thumb – Prepositional phrases do not stand by themselves; they are parts of a sentence and are used as modifiers (a modifier is a word or phrase that describes or makes more definite), sometimes as adjectives and at other times as adverbs. [An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun; ex. That tall building with the red tower is our new library. ] [An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; ex. Louisa May Alcott wrote with great care. ] 17/03/2018
Role of A Preposition • • 17/03/2018 Agent Instrument Cause/Reason Result Manner Location/Place Direction/Movement • • • Source Stimulus Goal/Purpose Accompaniment Time
Verb Phrase A verb phrase consists of two things: 1. The main verb 2. A helping verb Helping verb Main verb Example: The brown cow is jumping over the rusty fence. 17/03/2018
What is a Verb Phrase? A verb phrase can be thought of like a boy and raft. Main verb Helping verb 17/03/2018 The boy (main verb) could float in the water by himself…but the raft (helping verb) makes it better for him.
It’s important to know the common helping verbs: • • • Do Did Does Am are Is Was Were Have Has 17/03/2018 • • • Had Can May Will be Will have Can be Can have Must have been • • • Can have Could be Could have Will have been Might have been
Let’s test your verb phrase knowledge… Select the verb phrase in the following sentence: Matthew had been sleeping in his bed. A. B. C. D. 17/03/2018 had been sleeping in had been sleeping
Oops…Let’s Review Verb Phrases! A verb phrase consists of two things: 1. The main verb 2. A helping verb Helping verb Main verb Example: Molly is talking to Billy. Show me the common helping verbs 17/03/2018 I’m ready to try again! I need more review.
Common Helping Verbs • • • Do Did Does Am are Is Was Were Have Has 17/03/2018 • • • Had Can May Will be Will have Can be Can have Must have been • • • Can have Could be Could have Will have been Might have been I’m ready to try again.
More Review… Look at these sentences: 1. Monica did go to the store. did = helping verb go=main verb 3. “I want to eat a peach, ” said Marcy. to = helping verb eat=main verb 2. Juli is driving to the high school. is = helping verb 3. Mr. Gowell did teach students to use the internet. driving=main verb did = helping verb teaching=main verb Let’s do it! I’m ready. 17/03/2018
FANTASTIC…. Let’s try another! Select the verb phrase in the following sentence: Sarah is giving a present to Mark. A. is B. giving C. is giving D. giving present 17/03/2018
Sorry…Here’s another example! A verb phrase consists of two things: 1. The main verb 2. A helping verb Helping verbs Main verb Please show me common verb phrases. Example: Molly had to go to Billy. I’m ready to try again! Note: Sometimes a helping verb is more than one word too! 17/03/2018 I need more review.
Common Helping Verbs • • • Do Did Does Am are Is Was Were Have Has 17/03/2018 • • • Had Can May Will be Will have Can be Can have Must have been • • • Can have Could be Could have Will have been Might have been I’m ready to try again.
More Review… Look at these sentences: 1. Monica did go to the store. did = helping verb go=main verb 3. “I want to eat a peach, ” said Marcy. to = helping verb eat=main verb 2. Juli is driving to the high school. is = helping verb 3. Mr. Gowell did teach students to use the internet. driving=main verb did = helping verb teaching=main verb Let’s do it! I’m ready. 17/03/2018
Wow! You’re Good…. Here’s another! Select the verb phrase in the following sentence: The girls’ basketball team did go to state. A. did go B. did go to C. go D. go to 17/03/2018
More Review… Look at these sentences: 1. Monica did go to the store. did = helping verb go=main verb 3. “I want to eat a peach, ” said Marcy. to = helping verb eat=main verb 2. Juli is driving to the high school. is = helping verb 3. Mr. Gowell did teach students to use the internet. driving=main verb did = helping verb teaching=main verb Let’s do it! I’m ready. 17/03/2018
SEPARABLE & INSEPARABLE • Compare the first and the second sentence in the following sentences. Notice in particular the position of the particle : He took off his coat He took his coat off. She read out the poem quietly. She read the poem out quietly. 17/03/2018
• As can be seen from the above examples, the particle in a phrasal verb can be separated from the verb; i. e. the particle comes after the object. Notice, further, that if the object is a PRONOUN, then the particle must be separated from the verb as in the following examples: • *She read out [it] quietly. ( unacceptable) • She read [it] out quietly. 17/03/2018
• On other hand, in a PREPOSITIONAL VERB it is not normally possible to separate the PREPOSITION from the verb. Notice the unacceptability of the second sentence in the following pairs: Janet looked after her young sister. * Janet looked her young sister after. (unacceptable) I won’t call on Bill tonight. * I won’t call Bill on tonight. (unacceptable) 17/03/2018
Adverb Phrase • Adverb Phrase – Modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb – How? When? Where? Why? To what extent? – His best friend drove to her house. • What does the phrase modify? – She is skilled at knitting. • What does the phrase modify? – Are the steaks good enough for eating? • What does the phrase modify? 17/03/2018
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