Personality p p p can be defined as a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations originates from the Latin persona, which means mask in theatre of the ancient Latinspeaking world the mask was a convention employed to represent or typify character
Personality theories Psychoanalytic theory Behaviorism Humanistic theory Sigmund Freud B. F. Skinner Abraham Maslow
Psychoanalytic theory p Human behavior is determined by a person's past (childhood) experiences, which color his/her perceptions of current events
Id Ignored or repressed Energy builds up Instincts and impulses Psychological tension Id Does not recognize reality Temporary solution Artificial means
Ego p At about the age of one year p Recognize reality (what is possible) p Diverts id’s energy into other areas of behavior (reduce tension) p The aim: ensure that the instincts of the id are satisfied, but at the right time and place
Superego p Between the ages of three and five p ‘idealistic’ part of us p Strive to make us perfect p Try to develop moral attitudes
Moral attitudes Superego To make us good in the sense of the community to which we belong Conflict Demands we seek the pleasure of satisfying our bodily urges as soon as they arise Id
Sources of tension p Physiological growth p Frustration p Conflict p Threat
Ego defence mechanisms p p p Repression Pulling into the unconscious Projection Placing unacceptable impulses in yourself onto someone else Reaction formation Reverses the impulse Regression Return to a previous stage of development Denial Arguing against an anxiety provoking stimuli by stating it doesn’t exist
Ego defence mechanisms p p Displacement Taking out impulses on a less threatening target Rationalization Supplying a logical or rational reason as opposite to the real reason Intellectualization Avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects Sublimation Acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way
Freud’s methods of investigation p Self-analysis p Case study p Free association
Behaviorism • Human behavior results from an organism's past learning, current perceptions, and higher-level processes of thinking and organization • Only observable behaviors are worthy of research since other abstractions are too subjective
Behaviorism Classical Radical The behaviorism of Watson Skinner’s behaviorism the objective study of behavior; no mental life, no internal states could influence behavior just as external stimuli
Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement. Adding something in order to increase a response. p Negative Reinforcement. Taking something negative away in order to increase a response. p Punishment refers to adding something aversive in order to decrease a behavior. p Extinction. When you remove something in order to decrease a behavior. p
Differences between negative reinforcement and punishment p negative reinforcement encourages the subject to behave a certain way p punishment encourages a subject to stop behaving in a certain way p negative reinforcement entails removing a negative event p punishment entails introducing a negative event
Humanistic theory p Human behavior can be understood only in terms of the person's internal perceptions of self and others leading toward personal fulfillment
Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs Self-actualization Esteem needs Belongingness needs Safety/security needs Basic physiological needs
Chart 2. Personality theory Psychoanalytic theory Originator(s) Sigmund Freud Behaviorism Humanistic theory B. F. Skinner, I. Pavlov A. Maslow Neutral. Result of learning Positive, evolving free will in people Human nature Conflict between conscious and unconscious drives Drives of behavior Energy from within (instincts) Reinforcement Needs satisfaction Methods of investigation Single case studies, free association Scientific observation Case studies To lessen the unconscious pressures To change behavior in the desired direction Goal of therapy Selfactualization
The Big 5 theory model is not based on theory of any one particular psychologist, but rather on language 1936 1940 Sir Francis Gordon Allport H. Galton S. Odbert 17, 953 personality -describing words 4, 504 adjectives 1963 Raymond Cattell Warren Norman reduced the total to 171 words identified 5 recurring factors of personality 1981 35 major clusters of personality traits 16 major personality factors widespread acceptance of the Five Factor Model NEO five-factor personality inventory (Paul Costa and Robert Mc. Crae, 1985)
Five Personality Traits p Extroversion p Emotional Stability p Orderliness p Accommodation p Intellectual Curiosity
