PERIODS 1 2 Ancient and Classical Periods

PERIODS 1 & 2 Ancient and Classical Periods 8000 BCE to 600 CE

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization (self-knowledge, fulfillment of personal potential) Esteem (autonomy, achievement, recognition) Social (belonging, affection) Safety (security, protection from harm) Physiological (Hunger, thirst, shelter)

We begin at about 8, 000 BC when village life began in the New Stone Age. . . Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. NEW STONE AGE

A TOTALLY new way of living: From Hunter-Gatherers to Agriculture

INVENTION OF AGRICULTURE n Mesopotamians first to engage in agriculture n Around 8000 BC n Cereal crops n Wheat n Barley n Herd animals n Sheep n Goats

Human/Environmental interaction Tools and weapons n Social and political organization n Homes n n n n Lake houses in Switzerland Long houses along Danube Stone huts in Britain Reed lean-tos in Egypt Clay brick huts in Middle East Broad language groups appeared

POSSESSIONS n Needs of agriculture and stability n Clay pottery n Woven baskets n Woolen and linen clothing n Sophisticated tools and weapons n Plow

RESULTS OF AGRICULTURE n Required intensification of group organization n Neolithic farmers lived in settlements n Ranged from 150 (Jarmo) to 2000 (Jericho)

OUTSIDE CONTACTS n Neolithic communities had links n Walls indicate some fearful n Others were more peaceful Jericho

Origins and Spread of Agriculture

What does it mean to be civilized? n 18 th Century European Civilized vs. primitive n White vs. everyone else n n Historians have determined 6 characteristics of civilization: n Cities n Organized central governments n Complex religions n Social classes n Job specialization and the arts n Writing

UNIQUENESS OF CIVILIZATION n Civilization was not simply next inevitable step from Neolithic Age n n Many peoples remained at simple foodraising stage for thousands of years— without developing any sort of civilization Only four locations developed civilizations entirely on their own n n China Indus River Valley Mesopotamia/Egypt Central America and Peru

Large cities • • • that dominate the countryside around them Growing populations required more food production cities controlled their hinterlands in order to guarantee a reliable and continuous supply of food for their inhabitants.

Monumental architecture and public building projects that take many forms • • They may include temples Palaces irrigation projects city walls public arenas government buildings and aqueducts.

A complex political organization …. Why did governments develop? ? ? • governments developed to coordinate activities and provide protection for the cities and hinterlands. • The larger the area and population, the more demanding political positions became

WHY DID the WAY societies govern begin to CHANGE? • control began to move away from kinship ties ( although many early rulers passed their authority down to their sons) • other factors became important, such as military prowess and ability.

A written language – • • important development in human history • allowed societies to organize and maintain the growing political, social, and economic structure that followed settlement into agricultural areas. • societies that developed a written language were able to communicate multiple ideas and large amounts of information • encouraged greater complexity and growth. Hammurabi’s Code

Cuneiform Writing

Specialization of labor – • basic food needs taken care of by fewer people • others may specialize in jobs improve the quality of lif • EX: engineers may construct bigger/better irrigation sys • level of government services may increase. • Bronze Tools

• Advanced art and literature – • prehistoric times • simple communities • most artwork and literature was (is) produced by people involved with activities that sustained their lives • hunting and gathering or farming • Art simple drawings • literature form of oral stories passed down from one generation to the next. • Civilization time to concentrate on art and literature • primary occupation.

Long distance trade • • technologies improved specialization increased trade with other civilization centers began cultural diffusion Cultural Diffusion: the spreading and sharing of cultural characteristics. pottery, tools, and textiles - shared, culture - such as beliefs, customs, and values - also spread, contributing to the cosmopolitan nature of cities.

Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World”

PERIODIZATION The Foundations time period (8000 BCE to 600 CE) is so vast that there are many ways to divide it into periods or eras. However, some major breaks within the time period are…

2) Development of the earliest civilizations (about 3500 to 1500 BCE) - Villages grew into cities that came to dominate the land around them. Collectively known as the "river valley" civilizations, they include: • Mesopotamia (developed by 3500 BCE or so) - between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East • Egypt (developed by 3000 BCE or so) - along the Nile River in northeastern Africa • Indus Valley people (developed by 2500 BCE or so) - along the Indus River in south central Asia • Shang China (developed by 1700 BCE or so) - along several rivers in the north China plains

Ancient River Valley Civilizations

Early River Valley Civilizations Environment Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable • No natural barriers • Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings • Mesopotamia Flooding of the Nile predictable • Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages • Deserts were natural barriers • Egypt Indus River Valley Indus flooding unpredictable • Monsoon winds • Mountains, deserts were natural barriers • Huang He flooding unpredictable • Mountains, deserts natural barriers • Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations • China Mesoamerica & Andes Mountains and ocean natural barriers • Warm temperatures and moderate rainfall • Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations •

Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent n Sumer – The Earliest of the River Valley Civilizations n Sumerian Civilization grew up along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now Kuwait.

Sumerians invented: n n n Cuneiform Wheel Base 60 – using the circle. . . 360 degrees n n n Time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute 12 month lunar calendar Brick technology n n n arch ramp ziggurat

Babylon First know written law code n “Rule of Law” n Hammurabi’s Code - 1792 BC n

Code of Hammurabi n 8. If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold for them; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death. n 22. If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death. n 25. If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-same fire. n 129. If a man's wife be surprised with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into the water, but the husband may pardon his wife and the king his slaves. n 137. If a man wish to separate from his wife who has borne him children: then he shall give that wife her dowry, and a part of the fruit of the field, garden, and property, so that she can rear her children. When she has brought up her children, a portion of all that is given to the children, equal as that of one son, shall be given to her. She may then marry the man of her heart.

EGYPT “The Gift of the Nile” n n Hieroglyphics Pyramids Geometry Advances in medicine and surgery Nile River Sahara Desert

Indus River Valley 2500 BC – 1500 BC Harappan culture n Well planned cities n n Grid pattern n Modern plumbing n Built on mud brick platforms n Protected n Larger against seasonal floods cities n Houses n Smaller built of baked brick towns n Houses built of sun-dried mud brick

Aryan Migration § pastoral depended on their cattle § warriors horse-drawn chariots

Shang China 1600 BC – 1027 BC n n Yellow River Valley Advanced culture n Religion Astronomy Calendar Medicine n Bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts n n Lack of contact with foreigners led to belief in: n n Strong sense of identity Superiority Center of earth Sole source of civilization

Zhou China 1122 BC – 256 BC n n Bronze, jade, silver, gold Mandate of Heaven n not Veneration of ancestors n n Power to rule came from heaven Power could be removed if ruler just All must honor family responsibilities Period ended with of Warring States Era

Mesoamerica and Andean South America 2900 BC – 1400 BC n Mesoamerica n n n Maize, chili peppers, avocados, beans Pottery Stone bowls Beads Waddle and daub structures No draft animals

Mesoamerica and Andean South America 3500 BC – 1400 BC n Andes n n n Textiles technology Sophisticated government Religion Lacked ceramics Largely without art Most impressive achievement was monumental architecture n n Large platform mounds Sunken circular plazas

Classical Civilizations

Classical China

Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty (221 -206 BCE) z Shi Huangdi z Legalist rule n Bureaucratic, centralized control n Military expansion n Book burnings --> targeted Confucianists n Buried protestors alive!

Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE) z z Strong, centralized bureaucracy Extended Great Wall Roads (including Silk Road), canals Emperor Wu Di (141 -87 BCE) z Public schools z Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam z Civil service system

Imperial Seal Han Artifacts Chang’an: The Han Capital

Classical India

Mauryan Empire (320 BCE-320 CE) n Chandragupta Unified northern India after Alexander the Great withdrew n Set up efficient bureaucracy n n Asoka (grandson) Dedicated life to Buddha n Continued bureaucracy n Hospitals, roads n

Gupta Empire (320 -647 CE) §Chandra Gupta I §Bureaucracy §Allowed local government in south § § § Patriarchal Caste system continued Advances § § Medicine Math (decimal, pi)

Classical Greece

Early History (3000 BCE-750 BCE) n Minoans Crete n Seafaring merchants n Sophisticated civilization n n Hellenes n Merged with native Greeks n Dark Age Homer

Geographic Influence n Mountains n Independent city-states n Insufficient n farmland Founded colonies on Mediterranean coast n Location n n Peninsula in Mediterranean Exchange of culture/trade n Deep n harbors Numerous good harbors on its irregular coastline

City-States n Athens n Democratic, leading city-state n Sparta n Aristocratic/military city-state n Corinth n Trading center n United by language, culture and fear of Persians

Alexander the Great (336 -323 BCE) Taught by Aristotle n Conquered Persian Empire n Created Hellenistic culture n Died suddenly at 33 n

Athenian Contributions Theater, poetry and historical writing n Science and math n Architecture and sculpture n Philosophy n n Socrates n n Plato n n Individual Group Aristotle n World

Classical Rome

Ancient Rome (1500 BCE-500 BCE) n 1500 BC-Latins crossed Alps n Founded Rome n Conquered by Etruscans n New Romans n Roads, walls, & buildings n Metal weapons

Republic 500 -27 BCE n n n Social aristocracy n Patricians n Plebeians Senate Conquered Mediterranean world n Italian Peninsula and west n Client states Spread Greek culture Began to end with assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE

Empire 27 BCE-476 CE n Octavian (Augustus) n n Spread Greco-Roman civilization n Law, language, historical writing Trade, industry, science, architecture Diocletian n n Began Pax Romana Divided Empire Constantine n n Reunited empire Converted to Christianity

Germanic Invasion Germans allowed to settle n Huns pushed more Germans in n 476 CE—last Roman emperor n

Trade Routes of the Classical World

Items Traded sp ic es rice & whea horses t ry & ivo gold s good on cott s silk s good n otto c spices gold & ivory

Classical Mesoamerica

Maya (1800 BCE-800 BCE) n n n Led by ruler-priests Only known fully developed written language of time/area Art, architecture Writing, math, astronomy, calendar Cultural diffusion across Mesoamerica

Chavin (900 BCE-200 BCE) Pottery n Metalwork (including gold and silver) n Religion promoted fertility n n Built temples Used hallucinogens Trade

Why civilizations fall n External n War n Natural disaster n Disease n Internal n Overpopulation n Economic problems n Social disruption n Political struggles

How do civilizations collapse? n n n Population size and density decrease dramatically Society tends to become less politically centralized Less investment is made in things such as architecture, art, and literature Trade and other economic activities are greatly diminished The flow of information among people slows The ruling elites may change, but usually the working classes tend to remain and provide continuity

Is it possible to prevent collapse? n Every society must: n answer basic biological needs of its members: food, drink, shelter, and medical care. n provide for production and distribution of goods and services (perhaps through division of labor, rules concerning property and trade, or ideas about role of work). n provide for reproduction of new members and consider laws and issues related to reproduction (regulation, marriageable age, number of children, and so on). n provide for training (education, apprenticeship, passing on of values) of individuals so that they can become functioning adults in society. n provide for maintenance of internal and external Ø order (laws, courts, police, wars, diplomacy). Thuman and Bennet n provide meaning and motivation to its members.

PERIODS 1 & 2 Ancient and Classical Periods 8000 BCE to 600 CE