PERANCANGAN PENILAIAN PROGRAM FEM 3303 Kuliah minggu

PERANCANGAN & PENILAIAN PROGRAM (FEM 3303) Kuliah minggu 4, 5, 6 Pembangunan sosial

Indikator pembangunan (ekonomi)

Lingkaran ganas kemiskinan

Indikator pembangunan (ekonomi)

Indikator pembangunan manusia Minggu 5 & 6

Pembangunan sosial komitmen terhadap kesejahteraan dan kesukarelawan individu Peluang masyarakat menentukan keperluan

Pembangunan sosial keputusan yang akan memberi kesan terhadap kehidupan keperihatinan masyarakat terhadap pembentukan dasar sosial dan inisiatif ekonomi

Pembangunan sosial mementingkan tahap kesejahteraan sosial yang tinggi kerajaan menggunakan perancangan rasional untuk menggalakan integrasi sosial dan kesejahteraan

Pembangunan sosial Irving Spergel (1978) : Amalan makrostruktural yang berkaitan dengan peningkatan kesejahteraan komuniti dan masyarakat.

World Summit for Social Development yang berlangsung di Copenhagen (1997) telah mengenalpasti bahawa integrasi sosial sebagai komponen penting dalam pembangunan sosial

“ promoting social integration by fostering societies that are stable, safe and just and that are based on the promotion and protection of all human rights, as well as on non-discriminations, tolerance, respect for diversity, equality of opportunity, solidarity, security, and participation of all people, including disadvantaged and vulnerable groups and persons. ” (WSSD, Copenhagen, 1997)

United Nation System Soc. Dev. 4 bidang utama: 1) pembasmian kemiskinan dan peluang pekerjaan 2) sokongan perkhidmatan kerajaan dan pelaksanaannya 3) dasar sosio-ekonomi dan pengurusan pembangunan 4) integrasi sosial

Objektif pembangunan sosial to bring about sustained improvement in the well-being of the individual, family, community and society at large. This will involve the reduction or eradication of mass poverty, inequality and conditions of underdevelopment which are widely accepted indicators of social progress.

Kesejahteraan ? ? Di ‘operationalized’ supaya dapat mengukur kesejahteraan dengan lebih mudah : memberi nilai kuantiti kepada satu elemen sosial : sejahtera.

Dasar ? ? mempunyai tujuan matlamat, fungsi, tugas demi kepentingan sesuatu agensi atau organisasi.

Dasar sosial ? ? Dasar yang dijadikan panduan dalam mencapai matlamat kesejahteraan rakyat. Contoh ; dasar warga tua : satu dasar yang mementingkan kesejahteraan warga tua dari pelbagai aspek. Warham (1970) : sosial policy may be identifies as positive action to rectify a negative situation.

MODEL DASAR PEMBANGUNAN BANGSA & NEGARA Dasar Pembangunan Wawasan Nasional 2020 Dasar Ekonomi Baru Dsar Kebudayaan Nasional Dasar Pendidikan Nasional DPBN Dasar Kesihatan Negara Dasar Belia Negara Dasar Wanita Negara Dasar Perumahan Negara Dasar Sains dan teknologi Negara Dasar Kesihatan Negara Dasar Sekuriti Sosial negara 3/17/2018

DASAR SOSIAL DI MALAYSIA TERHADAP NEGARA LUAR OIC PBB Israel Palestine Selatan Thailand Puak Moro di Philippine 3/17/2018

KEHEBATAN DASAR SOSIAL Konsisten Mempunyai asas yang kukuh Bebas dari kepentingan individu Untuk kepentingan masyarakat umum Bebas daripada desakan kumpulan atau individu tertentu Dasar yang mengambil kira kehendak pelbagai kaum 3/17/2018

Persoalan? §Mengapakah kita memerlukan dasar-dasar sosial? §Adakah rakyat Malaysia tidak tahu berfungsi tanpa dasar sosial tersebut? 3/17/2018

Persoalan? §Mengapakah kita memerlukan dasar-dasar sosial? §Adakah rakyat Malaysia tidak tahu berfungsi tanpa dasar sosial tersebut? FUNGSI DASAR SOSIAL §Intervensi terhadap pelbagai masalah sosial §Memandu model pembangunan negara yang ingin dicapai oleh kerajaan dan negara. 3/17/2018

Kenapa perlukan pembangunan sosial di dalam sesebuah negara? Contoh : kehidupan warga tua yang tidak mempunyai anak ini akan terbiar tiada sokongan keluarga, dibelenggu kemiskinan, tidak/sukar mendapat kemudahan kerana faktor fizikal dan eknomi dasar warga tua untuk membantu warga tua hidup denga sejahtera.

Kebajikan sosial Perumahan Kemudahan awam + penggunaan tanah kesihatan Taraf pendidikan Pembangunan bandar dan luar bandar Dimensi pembangunan sosial

Social Development Indicator report stated that up to 94 indicators are reported for each country including: ◦ size, growth, and structure of population; determinants of population growth (including data on fertility and infant mortality); labor force; education and illiteracy; natural resources; income and poverty; expenditure on food, housing, fuel and power, transport and communication; and investment in medical care and education. ◦ Each of these indicators is broken into several subcategories.

Indikator sosial seharusnya berorientasikan individu dan matlamat sosial Mesti dikira berdasarkan output bukan input program sosial ◦ Contoh: Miskin diukur berapa ramai yang berjaya keluar dari garis kemiskinan Kesihatan diukur, berdasarkan kadar mortaliti, kadar jangka hayat Jangka hayat UK adalah 77 tahun, manakala Uganda = 41 tahun

Kelompok-kelompok manusia Kekayaan Kuasa Prestij Tuan-hamba Feudal sistem Kasta sistem Kelas sistem

Table 1: Core Set of Indicators for Sustainable Development Category Chapters of Agenda 21 Driving Force Indicators State Indicators Response Indicators Economics Chapter 2: International cooperation o Real GDP per o GDP per capita o Investment capita o growth (US$) o EDP per share in GDP (%) rate (%) o Exports capita/ environmentally of goods and adjusted value added services (US$) o Share of Imports of goods manufacturing valued and services (US$) added in GDP (%) o Export concentration ratio (%) o Depletion of o Proven mineral o Ratio of mineral resources reserves (t) o Proven consumption of (% of proven energy reserves (oil renewable sources reserves) o Annual equivalents) o Lifetime over nonenergy of proven energy renewable consumption per reserves (years) resources (%) capita (J) Chapter 4: Consumption and production patterns (1)

Chapters of Category Agenda 21 Chapter 33: Financial resources and mechanisms Chapter 34: Transfer of technology Driving Force Indicators State Indicators Response Indicators o Total ODA o Environment protection given or received expenditure as % of GDP o as percentage of Environment taxes and GDP (%) subsidies as % of government revenue o Amount of new or additional funding for sustainable development given/received since 1992 (US$) o Programme of integrated environment and economic accounting (yes/no)

Chapters of Agenda 21 Driving Force Indicators Social Chapter 3: Poverty o Unemployment o Population living in rate (%) absolute poverty (no and %) Chapter 5: Demographic dynamics and sustainability o Total fertility rate o Population growth rate (%) o Population density (persons/km²) o Net migration rate (persons/year) Category State Indicators Response Indicators

Category Chapters of Agenda 21 Driving Force Indicators State Indicators Response Indicators Chapter 36: Promoting education, public awareness and training (including gender issues) o Adult literacy rate (%) o o % of GDP spent on Primary school enrolment ratio education o Females (%) o Secondary school per 100 males in enrolment ratio (%) o secondary school Population reaching grade 5 of (no) o percentage of primary education (%) o women in civil service Expected years of schooling (%) o Women per 100 men in the labour force (%) Chapter 6 (2): Protecting and promoting human health o Infant mortality rate (per % GDP spent on 1, 000 births) o Life expectancy health at birth (years) o Incidence of environmentally related diseases (no) o % of people without access to safe drinking water o Pesticide residue in fish (mg/kg) o % of urban population exposed to concentrations of SO 2, particulates, ozone, CO and Pb o Calorie supply per capita (calories/day) o Concentration of coliforms and pesticides in drinking water (mg/1)

Category Chapters of Agenda 21 Driving Force Indicators State Indicators Response Indicators CG Chapter 7 (3): Human o Rate of growth of urban settlements (including population (%) o Motor traffic and transport) vehicles in use (no) o Number of megacities (10 mill. or more) o % of population in urban areas o Expenditure on lowo Area and population of marginal cost housing (US$) o settlements (km², no) o Expenditure on public Cost/number of injuries and transportation (US$) o fatalities related to natural Infrastructure diasters 4 o Floor area per person expenditures per capita (m²) o % of population with (US$) sanitary services

Category Chapters of Agenda 21 Driving Force Indicators Institutional Chapter 35: Science Chapter 37: Capacity-building Chapter 8, 39, 40: Decision-making structures State Indicators Response Indicators o Mandated EIA (yes/no) o o Ratification of Programmes for national international environmental statistics agreements and indicators for related to sustainable development sustainable (yes/no) o Sustainable development (no) development strategies (yes/no) o National councils for sustainable development (yes/no) o Main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants (no)

Category Chapters of Agenda 21 Driving Force Indicators Strengthening of "traditional information" (part of ch. 40) Institutional Chapter 23 -32: Role of major groups State Indicators Response Indicators o Representatives of indigenous people in national councils for sustainable development (yes/no) o Existence of database for traditional knowledge information (yes/no) o Representatives of major groups in national councils for sustainable development (yes/no)

Category Chapters of Agenda 21 Environmental Water Chapter 18: Freshwater resources Driving Force Indicators State Indicators Response Indicators o Annual withdrawals o Groundwater reserves o Waste water of ground and surface (m 3) o Concentration of treatment (% of water as % of available lead, cadmium, mercury population served, water o Industrial/ and pesticides in total and by type municipal discharges freshwater bodies (mg/l) o of treatment) into freshwater bodies Concentration of faecal (t/m 3) o Household coliform in freshwater consumption of water bodies (no/100 ml) o per capita (m 3) Acidification of freshwater bodies (p. H value) o BOD and COD in water bodies (mg/l) Chapter 17 (5): o Catches of marine o Deviation in stock of Protection of the species (t) marine species from oceans, all kinds maximum sustained yield of seas and (MSY) level (%) o Ratio coastal areas between MSY abundance and actual average abundance (%) o Loading of N and P in coastal waters (t) o Algae index

Category Land (6) Chapters of Agenda 21 Driving Force Indicators State Indicators Chapter 10: o Land use change o Area affected by soil Planning and (km²) erosion (km²)/erosion management of index land resources Chapter 12: o Fuelwood o Land affected by Combatting consumption per desertification (km²)/ 3) o Livestock desertification index desertification and capita (m drought per km² of arid and semi-arid lands Chapter 13: Sustainable mountain development Chapter 14: o Use of fertilizers o Area affected by Promoting (t/km²) o Use of salinisation and sustainable agricultural pesticides waterlogging (km²) agriculture and (t/km²) o Arable land rural development per capita (ha/capita) Response Indicators o Protected area as % of total land area o Cost of extension services provided (US$) o Area of land reclaimed (km²)

Category Chapters of Agenda 21 Other natural Chapter 11: resources Combatting deforestation (7) Driving Force Indicators State Indicators Response Indicators o Deforestation rate o Change in biomass (%) o Reforestation (km²/annum) o Annual o Timber stocks (m³) o rate (km²/annum) roundwood production (m³) area (km²) Chapter 15: Conservation of o Rate of extinction of protected species (%) biological diversity o Threatened, extinct species (no) o Protected area as % of total land area Chapter 16: Biotechnology

Category Chapters of Agenda 21 Driving Force Indicators Atmosphere Chapter 9: o Emissions of CO 2 Protection of (t) o Emissions of the atmosphere SOx and NOx (t) o Production of ozone destroying substances (t) State Indicators Response Indicators Ambient concentrations of SO 2, CO 2, NOx and O 3 in urban area (ppm) o Expenditure on air pollution abatement (US$) o Reduction in the consumption of ozone destroying substances (% per year) o Reductions in the emissions of CO 2, SOx and NOx (% per year) o Expenditure on waste collection and treatment (US$) o Waste recycling rates (%) o Municipal waste disposal (t/capita) o Waste reduction rates per unit of GDP (t/year) Waste Chapter 21: Solid wastes and sewagerelated issues o Waste disposed (t) o Generation of industrial and municipal waste (t) Chapter 19, 20, o Generation of o Area of land 22: Toxic hazardous waste (t) contaminated by toxic chemicals and waste (km²) hazardous wastes

Table 2 UK Government sustainable development framework indicators Refer hand-out

Pembangunan fizikal Fizikal dikaitkan dengan tubuh badan : tinggi, rendah, kurus, gemuk : Pertumbuhan yang boleh dinampak. Pembangunan fizikal yang seimbang.

Pembangunan fizikal secara makro Pembangunan persekitaran, pembangunan bandar, wilayah, desa, gunatanah. Aspek pembangunan yang dapat dilihat hasilnya dari segi infrastruktur dan kemudahan. Pembangunan fizikal menghasilkan perubahan dari segi persekitaran.

Pembangunan fizikal secara makro Proses perbandaran menghasilkan bandar yang padat dengan penduduk, bangunan, sistem pengangkutan dan komunikasi yang canggih, kemudahan sosial yang bertaraf antarabangsa.

Dasar pembangunan fizikal negara Dapat dicapai melalui perancangan pembangunan fizikal dalam rancangan pembangunan negara, negeri dan tempatan.