Pearl Harbor Attack by Japanese Roosevelt had placed an embargo on naval goods to Japan in 1940 General Tojo of Japan became Prime Minister in 1941 The most important ships the aircraft carriers and 7 heavy cruisers Only 3 of our battleships were irrepairable were not in Hawaii so the attack only gave Japan control for 6 months and 2500 Americans killed Japanese Admiral Nagumo canceled a 3 rd wave of bombers refused to find the aircraft carriers because he feared an American counterattack Even though the Rusiain joining the British Allies madse Americans reluctant to join the commies the Japanese actions left us no choice
Japanese Internment Reasons • • Fear of Japanese spies moving among the Japanese American population without easy detection Fear of terrorism To protect Japanese Americans from retaliation for Pearl Harbor attack by the Japanese Locations of camps dictated by where the largest Japanese American populations were located on the West Coast Most of the camps were on the West Coast where the first Japanese attacks were feared to hit first Fear of spies in the heavy industrial build up on the West Coast at Boeing, Kaiser Steel, Fear of spies near Navy bases in San Francisco and San Diego Racial discrimination historically remember the separate Oriental schools Rossevelt dealt with in the Gentlemen’s Agreement
War Chronology • We had 1. 4 million soldiers, but in one year doubled that in 1942 • Liberty Ships built by Kaiser Steel every 4 ½ days • Production levels were twice that of Axis Powers like Germany Look at p 463 in rext on tank production • Japan took Guam, Hong Kong and the Phillipines from Mac. Arthur • 78, 000 Allied soldiers surrendered at Bataan and then one in 10 died on the Bataan Death March without food • Doolittle raid killked 50 Japanese in Japan and crashed in China • May 1942 Battle of Coral Sea was a draw and did not allow the ships to see one another but it halted the Japanese
Ch 15 • • Axis never coordinated war –individual dictator dreams Hitler wanted to eliminate inferiors and dominate Europe Mussolini only wanted Eastern Africa Japanese Prime Minister Tojo wanted Pacific and Asia Yet Churchill and Roosevelt did not see Japan and Italy as long term problems like Hitler so Europe First Strategy was Eisenhower’s Allies with Our biggest Battler General Patton snarled at English General Montgomery’s selfish short-sightedness Should we have switched Mac. Arthur and Patton and let Patton loose given the Japanese atrocities against our troops and civilians? We may have shortened the Pacific war, dropped the bomb earlier but would Japan today be the same? Would Mac. Arthur have more influence over his old aide Eisenhower and be allowed ton play chess with the Russians and prevent communist years in East Germany, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary? Why did Churchill and Truman essentially trade Stalin Yugoslavia for Greece?
• Churchill admitted in his memoirs the real fear he had was the German U boat packs. They sunk 3500 ships and kilkled tens of thousands in Atlantic • Amrican radar and depth charges in 1943 hit uboats faster than Germany could manufacture them and convoys in trhe 3 Atlantic first and later in the Russian Pacific gotr their tactics right in convoy transport of supplies
Eastern Front • 3 German Russian fronts Stalingrad, Moscow and Leningrad turned into Southern Stalingrad because of cold in 42 and the Caucasian oilfields • Hitler’s refusal to retreat cost starving frostbite Germans to surrender Jan 31, 1943 • Then the Soviets went on the offensive and Hitler lost Europe to the East
Ike • Pushed west from Algeria and Morocco to join English in Egypt squeezing German General Rommel out because Ike was not ready to displace the Germans in France yet. It cost less in supplies to start in Africa • Undersupplied Rommel eventually got pulled by Hitler and then joined the conspiracy to sideline Hitler forced Rommel’s death by suicide before being put on trial • Look at the Patton quote on p 469 of the text • Sept 43 Italy surrendered after Invasion by Ike and English and Italy declared war on Germany • Germany continued the fight in Southern Italy against the Americans • Black Tuskegee airmen never lost one of the planes they flew even though the Allies lost over 18, 000 planes to the Axis nearly 30, 000 planes lost Allies had a 20% casualty rate
Japanese Yamamoto wanted Midway and a presence in the Alaskan Aleutions • After discovering Japanese plans Midway was an American victory and American Admiral Nimitz put the Japanese on defensive in June 1942
Rosey the Riveter • Military did not pay enough to support a family on a private pay • Rosey needed a job and neighbors and relatives took care oif the kids while mom worked and Dad was at war • Mexican braceras replaced the rural workforce migrating to fill war demands • Black White Race riots happened in Detroit and White sailors attacked Mexicans in Cal • Executive Order 9022 setablished areas as war zones from which persons could be removed Japanese Americans forced to sell property at a loss and move to internment camps with Whatever they could carry • Korematsu SCt case upheld martial law • Compare WWII $330 billion cost with Iraq Afghanistan trillions
D Day Normandy • Hitler took the Patton subterfuge and ordered best tanks to Calais not Normandy • Churchill had stalled knowing the loss of life involved and hoped the Russians would continue to do most of the dying • Hitler ordered Paris destroyed but the generals disobeyed and Americans celebrated • Hitler survived a bomb in June, 1944 • Battle of Bulge when airplanes could not help • Almost stopped the Americans by using American speaking Germans and confusing signs in Dec 1944 • April 1945 Russians outside Berlin and Americans crossed the Rhine and Elbe River 50 miles from Berlin • FDR died before VE Victory in Europe Day May 7, 1945
End • Navajo Code Talkers • In single night March 1945 16 sq miles Tokyo destroyed before atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Aug 1945 • Japan surrendered Sept 1945 • 60 million including civilians died in WWII • Holocaust
Holocaust • • • • 6 million Jews and 5 million others dead Superior Aryan White Gentiles, Nordic ans Anglo-Saxons according to Hitler Compare 1933 Hitler takeover vs Roosevelt in US Acts of violence common like Kristallnacht Prior to 1937 only 129, 000 Jews fled Austria and Germany – the US was not offering asylum because of scarce jobs during the depression 600 of the 900 Jewush refugees on the St Louis ocean liner died in concentration camps because the US would not take them and Cuba took only 22 of 900 Originally only economic boycott Jewish businesses, no civil service or professors, banking. Stock exchange, law, medicine, journalism jobs See color codes on p 494 text Medical experiments and starvation at camps By 1942 a death plan final solution became organized By 1943 Ber 4 muda meeting was held to rescue Jews but no action taken By 1944 FDR and Eleanor started the War Refugee Board for Hungarians and Romanians (gypsies) Demand for an independent homeland Truman recognized Israel in 1848
Section 5 Effects of the War • In 1918 Kaiser surrendered before Germany was invaded but it was in 1945 • At Yalta Stalin agreed to free elections in Bulgaria, Poland Romania but reneged and Japan was still fighting and the Russian invasion of Japanese Manchuria was important • Germany divided into Communist and free as was Berlin Most of Eastern Europe occupied by Soviets went Communist • Genl Mac. Arthur wrote a Jap constitution abolished the military and gave women the right to vote keeping Emperor at token head
• UN established India ands Pakistan won Independence • Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 • War Crime trials in Nuremburg for Nazis and Tojo and the general responsible for the Bataan death march • Israel had their own captures and trials Look at the deaths listed on p 504 and understand why Russians wanted reparations from E Germany • Then look at Chinese numbers even before the Communist Civil Wars • 30 POW prisoner labor camps paid Italian and German captured soldiers for farm labor in Missouri Why German translators easy to find
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