Peace Operations “The Basics” MPAT Workshop Module Series (1 st Coordinating Draft 7 June 02)
Preface § This MPAT Workshop Module – Peace Operations is focused on support of the Multinational Forces Standard Operation Procedures (MNF SOP) and the Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT) Collaborative Planning Workshops. § This is a collaborative effort of the nations participating within the MPAT program. This is NOT just one nation’s doctrinal approach. § This module fully acknowledges that there is no common doctrine for Peace Operations. Further, this module is not intended to portray a single integrated doctrinal approach to Peace Operations. • Intent of module series is to act as a basic starting point for multinational Peace Operations planning and operations. Click here for Glossary Click here for Key References Proceed to Main Menu
Peace Operations Workshop Module Series Module 1 : THE BASICS Module 2 : PEACE OPERATIONS REALITIES AND OPERATIONAL MODEL Module 3 : PEACE OPERATIONS “WORKING DOCTRINE” Module 4 : CTF COMMAND CONTROL OPTIONS AND CTF HQs TEMPLATE FOR PO Module 5 : PO – KEY PLANNING DOCUMENTS Module 6 : PEACE OPERATIONS – CTF PLANNING PROCESS RETURN TO PREFACE
Module 1 Peace Operations Basics Return to Main Menu Proceed with Module 1
Preface – Module 1 § This Peace Operations Module is based upon: • Multinational inputs from Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT) nations • Multinational Force Standing Operating Procedures (MNF SOP) developed by MPAT participating nations • Numerous doctrinal publications from United Nations documents, national multinational sources, Joint Publications series, and other key Peace Operations articles (see references section of this module) § A review of the MNF SOP (Part A & B) and of other supporting MNF Workshop Modules will assist in gaining an understanding of Peace Operations § To establish your base knowledge of Peace Operations (based upon MNF SOP) please take the Pretest before proceeding. Review MNF SOP Take Pretest/Post-Test Review SOP Workshop Module Proceed on with Module 1
Key Definitions § MNF: Multinational Force – Broad Overarching Term • Describes the broader force of participating Nations’ governments, agencies, and includes the Strategic Military Planning Headquarters (HQ). • The entire organization of nations, participating forces, and support based upon shared interests. § Two Types of MNF Operations: • Coalition: Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based • Combined: Alliance / Treaty Based (Example: Regional Organization - NATO)
Key Definitions (continued) § CTF: Coalition / Combined Task Force (operational level of planning and operations) • Coalition TF (CTF): Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based • Combined TF (CTF): Alliance / Treaty / Regional Organization Based (predetermined guidelines and / or contingency plans present) These definitions support the MNF SOP focus upon the operational level of planning and operations (task force level).
Peace Operations “There are no standard Peace Operations” JP 3 -07. 3 Elements of National & International Power will be used – not just one dimension: • Diplomatic • Economic • Information • Military • Psycho-Social
Peace Operations Challenges Each Peace Operation will have its own unique situational setting • Unique political factors • Unique diplomatic characteristics • Unique geographical, cultural, language, and security characteristics
Who Executes Peace Operations? 1. United Nations (UN) – 2 Types • UN Sanctioned/Authorized operations (Regional Organizational Led (Combined) or Multinational Led (Coalition – Lead Nation concept) • UN Sponsored/Mandated operation (UN Chain of Command – UN led) 2. Regional Organization (Combined) Led (NATO, OAU, etc. ) • Non-UN Alliance / Treaty based 3. Multinational Organization (Coalition) Led • Lead Nation Concept (Non-UN) • Multinational Crisis Action Planning Ops • Ad-hoc based on emerging crisis / No regional framework is present to address crisis Note: There are significant differences in the Command Relationships, Control, and Coordination Processes for the above PO options – see Module 4
Broad Categories of Peace Operations §Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) §Peace Enforcement Operations (PEO) Note –Terminology Differences: Many variations in terminology. 1. UN commonly refers to Peace Operations as Peacekeeping and also uses the term Peace Support Operations (PSO) at times. 2. NATO uses the term PSO. 3. Other nations use variations of terminology (based upon political and operational implications / factors). 4. The MNF SOP will use the overarching term of Peace Operations with two broad categories of operations as outlined above for clarity in mission planning.
Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) Purpose: Designed to monitor and facilitate implementation of an agreement (cease fire, truce, and other related agreements) and support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement. Key Factor: Undertaken with consent of all major parties to a dispute.
PKO Example #1 Title: Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai (MFO) Mission: A Multinational (non-UN) operation empowered by Egypt and Israel to supervise truce provisions in the Sinai Peninsula. Nations: Ten participating nations including US and Asia-Pacific partners, Fiji and New Zealand. Years: Operation began in 1982. It is an ongoing mission. Mission Background: The MFO is a Multinational peacekeeping mission, created as a result of the 1978 Camp David Accords and the 1979 Treaty of Peace. Since 1982, various nations have contributed military and civilian personnel to serve in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula. The ten participating nations include Australia, Canada, Columbia, Fiji, France, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand, Uruguay, and the United States. Headquarters for the Sinai MFO mission is in Rome, Italy. “The mission of the Sinai MFO is, very simply, to OBSERVE, VERIFY, and REPORT. ” --MNF Observer Team
Timeline of the Sinai Peninsula 1973 - Present UN unable Camp David to obtain Agreement Egypt & Israel authority for PK Force withdraw to Yom Kippur US organizes & armistice lines War deploys MFO WAR! 1973 Ongoing Peacekeeping Mission ONGOING MISSION • Operation of checkpoints • Periodic verification of peace provisions • Additional verifications as requested by parties to Agreement • Freedom of navigation through Straits of Tiran 1979 1982 Non-UN Multinational Led Operation
PKO Example #2 Title: United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) Mission: UN sanctioned/authorized (UN led) operation, the Organization of African Unity (OAU) is lead. Mandate requires monitoring cessation of hostilities; verifying redeployment of Ethiopian and Eritrean Forces; and monitoring a security zone. Nations: More than 40 including US and Bosnia. Herzegovina Years: 31 July 2000 to Present Date Mission Background: Fighting broke out between the two African nations in May of 1998 as a result of a border dispute. The UN Secretary General requested mediation and in July of 1999 a framework for redeployment was agreed upon. Tensions remained high and in May of 2000 hostilities resumed. Diplomatic activities intensified, and in May the OAU implemented a cease fire agreement. Two months later the Security Council established UNMEE as an official Peacekeeping mission. On 12 Dec 2000 negotiations concluded with a comprehensive Peace Agreement between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Termination of the mission is linked to the completion of the delimitation and demarcation of the Ethiopian-Eritrean border areas.
UNMEE Mission Background In July 2000 100 observers were assigned to the mission and up to 4, 200 military personnel were authorized. The mission also introduced the use of SHIRBRIG, Stand-by High Readiness Brigade for Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Tasks. In the meantime, negotiations continued for a final and comprehensive settlement of the dispute. On the mission of UNMEE: “We have a job to do, we shall do If effectively and efficiently, then we will withdraw. ” UN Secretary General
UNMEE Timeline SHIRBRIG Deploys OAU Fighting UNMEE Framework Resumes Established Agreement Eritrea/Ethiopia Severe Drought; on cessation Border dispute 8 million effected of hostilities Comprehensive Peace Agreement UN Sponsored/Mandated Peacekeeping Mission/Ch VI 31 July 2000 May 2000 July 1999 May 1998 March 2000 June 2000 July 2000 December 2000 November 2000 UN Sponsored (UN Lead) Operation
Peace Enforcement Operations (PEO) Purpose: Use of necessary means up to and including military force to compel compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to establish security, peace and order. Key Factor: Application of appropriate means, military force or clear threat of military force to compel compliance of parties involved.
PEO Example #1 Title: UNPROFOR--United Nations Protection Force initially to Croatia then to BH IFOR—NATO led, UN Sanction force to BH, Croatia and Serbska Mission: Initial mandate was to “create conditions of peace and security” in Slovenia and Croatia under Chapter VI. The mission was expanded to include BH and placed under Chapter VII. When that mission failed to achieve its objectives, the US sponsored a peace process that resulted in a UN sponsored NATO led Ch VII operation to enforce provisions of Dayton Accords. Nations: UNPROFOR began with the force of 10, 000 troops. With commitment of IFOR, NATO member countries sent more than 60, 000 troops and civilian police to the region. Years: Feb 1992 – 1995 UNPROFOR; 1995 - Present Date IFOR/SFOR Mission Background: UN Security Council established UNPROFOR in the wake of the dissolution of Yugoslavia. Conflict broke out in l 991 when the Yugoslav Federal Army attempted to reestablish control over Slovenia and Croatia. The UN mandate changed several times as the conflict generated humanitarian relief requirements. The Dayton Accords took effect in December of 1995 and a NATO-led Implementation Force (IFOR) moved into the region. The introduction of allied armor, attack aviation and ground combat forces backed by the will of participating nations curtailed the actions of the Serbs and other indigenous forces.
Timeline of a Peace Operation Balkan Region—Bosnia/Herzegovina 1992 -Present Sebrenicia • UN Protected Area • Atrocities committed UNPROFOR Withdraws • Unable to perform PE operations • Cumbersome decision process • Dayton Peace Accord CIVIL WAR UN Sponsored/Mandated Op (UN Lead) Jul 1995 1992 -Yugoslavia dissolves. Yugoslav federal army attempted to regain control of Slovenia & Croatia UN PROTECTION FORCE (UNPROFOR) Transition • Formal ceasefire UN Sanctioned/Authorized – Regional Organization Led (Combined) ONGOING UN/NATO MISSION UN / NATO Peace Enforcement. IFOR-1995 -96 SFOR-1996 -present Dec 1995 NATO MISSION IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA (Combined)
UN/NATO MISSIONS TO THE BALKANS BACKGROUND The civil side of the mission in BH was overseen by the Office of the High Representative, a creation of the Dayton Process. The UN was charged with providing the International Police Training Force under the supervision of UNMIBH. SFOR accomplished all of the military objectives of DAYTON. Although, still under Peace Enforcement authority, Peacekeeping activities are now being used in areas where consensus has been achieved.
PEO Example #2 Title: UN Missions to East Timor UNAMET—UN Observer Mission (PKO) INTERFET - UN Sanctioned/Authorized – Multinational Coalition -- Lead Nation (PEO) UNTAET - UN Sponsored/Mandated – UN Led (PEO / PKO / Peace Building) Mission: Multiple mandates beginning with Peacekeeping and culminating in a Peace Enforcement mission with transition to civil administration. Years: 1999 -present Nations: More than 40 Mission Background: East Timorese independence vote set off a spasm of violence and destruction. UN Peacekeepers were quickly isolated. UN Security Council then sanctioned/authorized an international force to restore security.
UN MISSIONS TO EAST TIMOR ADDITIONAL MISSION BACKGROUND UN assistance to E. Timor conducted in three phases: 1. UNAMET— Referendum monitoring UN Observer Mission. 11 June-25 Oct 1999 UN Sponsored/Mandated – UN led (PKO) 2. INTERFET—Peace Enforcement with Australia as lead nation. Ch. VII 15 Sept 1999 -23 Feb 2000. UN Sanctioned/Authorized (Multinational Coalition – Lead Nation Concept) (PEO) 3. UNTAET— Peace Enforcement, Peacekeeping, and Peace Building. 25 Oct 1999 to Present Date. UN Sponsored (UN Led) Note that UN Peace Operations in this region overlapped in time and included multiple mandates. “There could be casualties. And the Australian public should understand that. It is a serious, dangerous operation. ” --Australian Prime Minister John Howard, August 1999
Timeline of a Peace Operation Pacific Region—East Timor 1999 -Present Peacekeeping Mission Rioting (UN Begins Mandated/ Sponsored-UN Led Operation) UNTAET authorized to Security Restored; build internal INTERFET hands capacity once over to UNTAET order is restored Peace Enforcement Mission (UN Sanctioned/Authorized – Multinational Coalition– Lead Nation) 30 Aug 99 **15 Sept 99 11 June 99 INTERFET UN Resolution** UN Mission to E. Timor (UNAMET) 25 Oct 99 UNTAET UN Resolution Transition UN authorizes INTERFET; Australia is LN (PE Chap VII) Transition Autonomy Ratified Observer Mission/Vote Referendum Nationhood Declared UNMISET Peace Enforcement / Keeping Peace Building Mission (UN Sponsored/ Mandated – UN Led Operation) **23 Feb 00 UNTAET assume responsibility ** May 20, 2002 May 02 UN Transitional Administration in E. Timor (UNTAET)
Peace Operations Activities § Peace Operations § Military Operations can support Diplomatic Efforts (three areas) - Peace Keeping - Preventive Diplomacy • Operations designed to • Diplomatic actions taken in monitor and facilitate advance to avert a crisis implementation of an - Peacemaking agreement • Process of diplomacy, mediation, - Peace Enforcement negotiation, or other forms of • Operations designed peaceful settlement to compel compliance Mutually - Peace Building with resolutions or • Post-conflict actions, Supportive sanctions designed to predominately diplomatic, establish security, peace economic, and security related that strengthen and rebuild and order governmental infrastructure and institutions Peace Operations are normally interwoven with one another…PKO being executed with Preventive Diplomacy and Peacemaking ongoing; or PKO and PEO could be ongoing in same CTF AO (but in different regions of country).
Legal Basis for Peace Operations § UN Charter – Resolutions/Mandates based on the UN Charter as a whole primarily Chapters VI, II, and VIII • VI – Pacific Settlement of Disputes – Addresses peaceful means • VII – Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of Peace, and Acts of Aggression –Addresses enforcement actions • VIII – Regional Arrangements – Regional arrangements to maintain peace & security § International Treaties/Multinational Agreements/Conventions § National Constitutions/Declarations/ Resolutions/Statutory Authorizations
Doctrinal Principles of PO The following are the principles of Peace Operations: • Objectives • Security • Unity of Effort • Legitimacy • Impartiality • Consent • Perseverance • Restraint • Freedom of Movement • Credibility • Flexibility • Use of Force • Transparency • Mutual Respect • Civil Military Cooperation
Distinction Between PKO and PEO §Of the previously mentioned principles the three main principles are: • Consent • Use of Force • Impartiality
Distinction between PKO and PEO Principal Factors Consent Use of Force (restraint) PKO PEO All parties consent (support PKO goals) Partial or no consent by parties (little or no support for PEO goals) Self defense only Compel or coerce compliance with established rules of engagement Impartiality does not denote neutrality, it is, however, a constant and may be applied as follows: Principal Factors Impartiality PKO PEO §Treat all sides equally and §When necessary, enforce fairly the mandate on violators §Apply mandate without §Principled Impartiality** prejudice **May be considered as principled impartiality
Complex Emergencies (Contingencies) § Since 1990, Peace Operations have moved from interstate conflicts to intrastate. Complex Emergencies are now the norm • Failed states - total breakdown of government institution & infrastructures § Term used to describe Humanitarian Operations (concurrent with PO) that have the following dimensions: • A complex, multi-party, intra-state conflict resulting in a humanitarian disaster which might constitute multi-dimensional risks or threats to regional and international security. • Peace Operations now must be executed along with the challenges of rebuilding societies, re-establishing institutions, promoting good governance. - Restoring infrastructure, economy, security, and reducing human suffering.
CTF Planning Challenges for PO §Uncertainty, ambiguity, and lack of clarity will dominate Peace Operations – transition plans will be the norm as missions shift §Inclusive and detailed civil-military planning is paramount to PO success. Military is in support of the larger political / civil mission §Peace Operations are not static…will be dynamic and ever-changing (grey areas will be present) Example: Cease-fire present, but breaks down over time. Critical factors of consent, impartiality, and use of force are realigned. The above factors may vary within various sectors of CTF AO. §Contingency planning is an on-going process that requires full CTF Commander emphasis §Stresses need for continual situational assessment and planning by the Future Plans cell within the CTF Planning Process
Contingency Planning is Essential to Address Grey Areas PEO PKO Purpose: Monitor/facilitate implementation of an agreement • Support diplomatic efforts to reach a longterm political settlement Key Factor: Consent of parties to dispute enables PKO Force Goal: Support implementation of mandate agreement PEO PKO Grey Area Factors shaping the grey area include: • Consent • Impartiality • Use of Force • Diplomatic/political variables • Humanitarian considerations • Dynamic Situation • Uncertainty Purpose: Use of military force to compel compliance with resolution / sanctions Key Factor: Consent of parties to dispute is limited or nonexistent for PEO force Goal: Restore security, peace and order
Peace Operations Summary §Peace Operations • PKO • PEO §Complex Emergencies (Contingencies): PKO or PEO combined with Humanitarian operations (the norm for Peace Operations after 1990) §Executed by: • UN – 2 Types (UN sponsored/mandated or UN sanctioned/authorized) 1. UN Sanctioned/Authorized a)Regional Organization Led (Combined) b)Multinational Led (Coalition - Lead Nation Concept) 2. UN Sponsored/Mandated (UN Led) • Regional Organization Led (Combined – Non UN Led) • Multinational Organization Led (Coalition – Non UN Led – Lead Nation) §Legal basis – UN Charter / International Treaties, Multinational Agreements, Conventions/ National Constitutions, Declarations, Resolutions, Statutory Authorizations §Special emphasis must be placed upon Mission Analysis, Commander’s Estimate and Contingency Planning Return to Main Menu Take Post-Test Proceed to Module 2
Peace Operations Pretest/Post-Test § It is recommended that the Pretest/Post. Test below be taken now. § A score of 70% or less indicates that you should review this module again. Take the Pretest/Post-Test Return to Module 1 Preface Proceed to Module 2
Pretest/Post-Test – Module 1 GRADING NOTE: Please record you answers on a separate piece of paper, you will grade yourself. The below questions are not “set up” to be computer graded at this time (working action). 1. What are the two types of Peace Operations? q q B. Peacemaking and Peace Building q C. Peace Enforcement and Peacemaking q 2. A. Peacekeeping and Peacemaking D. Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement Only the UN can execute Peace Operations. q q 3. A. True B. False A complex emergency (or sometimes called complex contingency) is: q A. Only applies to Peace Operations under UN-led operations q B. Peace Operations conducted simultaneously with Humanitarian Operations q C. A combination of Peace Enforcement and Peacekeeping Operation q D. A time-sensitive crisis involving only Peace Building
Pretest/Post-Test – Module 1 4. CTF Stands for what? q q B. Coalition Task Force only q C. Can be Combined or Coalition Task Force q 5. A. Combined Task Force only D. None of the above Planning for Peace Operations requires special emphasis in the areas of: q q B. Personnel assignment and staff functions q C. Special plans for media support q 6. A. Mission Analysis, Commander’s Estimate and Contingency Planning D. None of the above If three factions with a country agree to a ceasefire and also agree to the deployment of a multinational force to enforce the ceasefire agreement, this is a: q A. Peacemaking Mission q B. Peace Enforcement Mission q C. Peace Building Mission q D. Peacekeeping Mission
Pretest/Post-Test – Module 1 7) What are the two types of UN Peace Operations (from a command relationship perspective)? q q B. UN mandated and UN directed q C. UN sponsored/mandated and UN sanctioned/authorized q 8) A. UN sponsored and UN mandated D. UN declared and UN directed What UN Charter chapters involve Peace Operations? q q B. VI, VII and VIII q C. IV and V q 9) A. VI and VII D. Chapter VII only The three main principal factors for Peace Operations are: q A. Consent, impartiality, communications q B. Consent, impartiality, use of force q C. Political Objectives, use of force, legality q D. Consent, UN mandate, use of force
Pretest/Post-Test – Module 1 10) If a Country has serious instability issues with three factions fighting within a country and a UN mandate is passed to deploy a multinational force to the Country to take whatever means are necessary to stop the fighting and restore stability (Note: one faction agrees with the mandate), this is a: q A. Peacemaking Mission q B. Peace Enforcement Mission q C. Peacekeeping Mission q D. Peace Building Mission ================================ Now move to the next slide to check your answers you have recorded and compute your score
Test Results v The correct answers are: 1. D 6. D 2. B 7. C 3. B 8. B 4. C 9. B 5. A 10. B v You scored ______ correct answers for a ______% score. v If your score is less than 70% or less it is recommended that Module 1, The Basics be reviewed. Review Module 1 Slides Only Review Module 1 w/ Narrative Return to Main Menu Proceed to Module 2
MNF SOP Under Construction Return to Module 1 Preface Return to Preface -Module 4 Part D Return to Main Menu
SOP MNF SOP Workshop Module Under Construction Return to Module 1 Preface Return to Main Menu
Review Module 1 MNF SOP Slides Only Under Construction Return to Test Results Return to Main Menu
Review Module 1 MNF SOP w/ Narrative Under Construction Return to Test Results Return to Main Menu
Print Function MNF SOP Under Construction Return to Test Results Return to Main Menu
Module 2 Peace Operations Realities & Operational Model Return to Main Menu Review Module 1 Proceed with Module 2
Peace Operations Realities § Support vs. Victory: CTF Commanders and Staff are required to understand the following realities of Peace Operations • The military is always in support of the larger political / civil mission (military is a component of a larger effort). • In Peace Ops, there is neither an enemy nor a military victory. The military task is to set the conditions to enable other agencies to achieve the overall political end state outlined in the mandate. • Military can: - Temporize Maintain situation Reduce levels of violence Induce compliance
Peace Operations Realities (Continued) § Basic Mission: The ambit of appropriate ROE. The military mission will revolve around establishing or maintaining a safe, secure, and stable environment § Civil-Military Planning / Coordination: Identification of the civil-military tasks required by the mandate and identification of the main causes for the crisis is a critical action during the initial CTF Mission Analysis and Commander’s Estimate
POPULATION CIVILMILITARY CTF COALITION FORCES INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (IO) NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGO) CIVILIAN AUTHORITIES POLITICAL CTF Only a Component !! Ref: COE MILITARY NATIONAL CIVILMILITARY NATIONAL LEVEL MILITARIES PARAMILITARY GROUPS PEACE OPERATIONS SUCCESS IS NOT A MILITARY SOLUTION
21 st Century Peace Operations § Operates within Complex Emergencies instead of classical Peacekeeping § Since 1990 the norm has been intrastate conflicts. Complex Emergencies are now the norm (e. g. failed states) § Peace Operations operate within a continuum of civil-military operations
Evolution of UN Peacekeeping §First Generation - Traditional Peacekeeping (19481990) §Second Generation - Expanded Peacekeeping that included Peace Enforcement Operations (1990 -1995) §Third Generation - Expanded Peacekeeping within the limits of the UN’s ability. More complex, smaller in size and focused on Peace Building. Generally this does not include Peace Enforcement (Chapter VII) Operations (1995 -1999) §Fourth Generation - Expanded Peacekeeping, but the United Nations is taking on more nation building activities. Lead Nations and Regional Organizations conducting Peace Enforcement Operations (1999 -present) Ref: PKI
Features of Traditional Peacekeeping § § § § Interstate Conflict Governments Functioning and in Control Government Infrastructure intact Military and Police Structures operating Judicial Systems in place International Rules operable Minimum Contact with Population Minimum Involvement with Civilian Agencies Ref: COE
Features of Current Peacekeeping May Include: § Intra-state Conflict § Governments ineffective or not in control § Factional Political Groupings & Leadership § State Infrastructure broken down § Judicial & Police Breakdown § Military factions & Warlords § Weapons proliferation § International and Traditional Rules not operable § Intermingled with Populations § Full Range of Civilian Agencies / NGOs Ref: COE
PEACE KEEPING Coexist Situation Dependant PEACE ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS PEACE MAKING Work Together PEACE BUILDING PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY Complex Emergencies The Norm Ref: PKI
Peace Operations (Coexist – Work Together) Preventive Diplomacy Peace Making Peacekeeping Peace Enforcement Peace Building Peace Operations Ref: PKI
Peace Operations – Complex Emergencies Preventive Diplomacy Peace Making Peacekeeping Peace Enforcement Peace Building Peace Operations Ref: PKI
Peace Operations – Recent History (Complex – Not Static – Dynamic in Nature) 1. UNAMIR 2. INTERFET 3. KFOR 4. UNMIH 5. UNTAET 6. UNPREDEP 7. UPHOLD DEMOCRACY 8. SFOR Ref: PKI 6 Preventive Diplomacy Peace Making 1 Peacekeeping 4 7, 8 Peace Enforcement 2, 3 5 Peace Building Peace Operations
Peace Conflict Post-Conflict Instability Peace Preventive Diplomacy Peace Making Peace Enforcement Peacekeeping Peace Building Humanitarian Assistance Observation, Monitoring Enforcement of Sanctions Demobilization Support to Civil Military Ref: PKI
MI L I T A R Y OPERATIONAL MODEL CTF Deploy-Mandate-Transition-Re-deploy Military Mission MILITARY SUPPORT OPERATIONS CI V I L CRISIS Ref: COE LIFE SAVING STABILIZATION DIPLOMATIC LIFE SUPPORT ECONOMIC & SOCIAL UN / IOs / NGOs Overall Mandate Missions
Peace Operations Summary A Continuum § PO are larger than military • The military task is to set the conditions to enable the other agencies to achieve the overall political state outlined in the mandate. § PO are a Continuum of Operations that include: • PKO, PEO, and support to diplomatic actions of Peace Building, Peace Making, and Support to Preventive Diplomacy working together to achieve the mandate for the operation § The initial Mission Analysis and Commander’s Estimate is a critical phase for identification of the Civil-Military tasks required by the mandate Return to Main Menu Proceed to Module 3
Module 3 PEACE OPERATIONS Working Doctrine Return to Main Menu Review Module 2 Proceed with Module 3
Doctrinal Challenge § There is no fully agreed upon Multinational Peace Operations doctrine to support CTF planning and operational requirements § No United Nations Peace Operations doctrine § NATO Doctrine comes closest to addressing the issues (ATP-3. 4. 1)
A Review – Basic Planning Framework Principal Factors Consent Use of Force (restraint) PKO PEO All parties consent (support PKO goals) Partial or no consent by parties (little or no support for PEO goals) Self defense only Compel or coerce compliance with established rules of engagement Impartiality does not denote neutrality, it is, however, a constant and may be applied as follows: Principal Factors Impartiality PKO PEO §Treat all sides equally and §When necessary, enforce fairly the mandate on violators §Apply mandate without §Principled Impartiality** prejudice **May be considered as principled impartiality
Convergence of Doctrine §NATO Ref: PKI Fundamentals (Note: NATO uses Peace Support Operations – PSO as defining term). MNF SOP uses PO terms. • Civil Military Cooperation • Objectives • Security • Unity of Effort • Legitimacy • Impartiality • Consent • Perseverance • Freedom of Movement • Credibility • Flexibility • Use of Force • Transparency • Mutual Respect • Restraint
Peace Operations Fundamental Planning Factors
Civil Military Operations § Key to long term stability and mission end state § Military should support and enable § Establish coordination mechanisms Ref: PKI
Objectives § Military objectives directly associated with Political objectives § Political objectives are not static § Military must participate in diplomatic process § Military Objectives must be appropriate and attainable Ref: PKI
Security § Multidimensional and Dynamic • • Capability Perceptions Physical Contingency Planning § Extends to nonmilitary § Active Risk Management Program Ref: PKI
Unity of Effort § No unity of command but cooperative effort • • • Ref: PKI Common end-state Compromise Understanding Consensus Communications
Legitimacy § External legitimacy § Internal legitimacy § Factors • • Legality Impartiality Perceptions International and National Will • Vision Ref: PKI
Impartiality § Perception by • Belligerents • External Audience § Affects Consent and Legitimacy § Not Neutrality • Force must be used if needed Ref: PKI
Consent § Shapes the Operation § Not Static § Must be promoted and sustained § Affected by • Legitimacy • Credibility • Impartiality Ref: PKI
Levels of Consent Who Gives Consent? May not be present at all levels !! § International Bodies • UN Security Council • UN General Assembly § Troop Contributing Countries § Third Parties § Parties to the Conflict § Military Organizations Military Factions Local Commanders Warlords Provides Legitimacy § § § Ref: COE Strategic Level Environment Operational & Tactical Level Environment
Perseverance § Prepare for extended engagement § Sustain will § Support by personnel and logistics § Maintain Morale Ref: PKI
Freedom of Movement § Relates to Initiative § Affects • Credibility • Consent Ref: PKI
Credibility § Depends on • Force Capability • International and National Will • Authority • Resources • Decisive Action • Impartiality § Perception is critical Ref: PKI
Flexibility § Adjust to accommodate new situations • Receptive • Responsive • Contingency Planning § Situational Awareness essential Ref: PKI
Use of Force § Tool to set conditions for enabling peace process § Authority established § Necessary Force § ROE • National Differences understood and deconflicted PRIOR to deployment Ref: PKI
Transparency § Reinforce Legitimacy, Impartiality, and Civil Military Operations § Balance between OPSEC, Media and Transparency § Information technology Ref: PKI
Mutual Respect § Professional Conduct of the Multinational Force § Status of Forces Agreements § Treatment of all parties to the conflict § Common Principles among all members of the Multinational Ref: PKI Force
Restraint § Use of Force • Precise • Timely • Appropriate • Proportional • Sufficient § Manage the consequences Ref: PKI Return to Main Menu Proceed with Module 4
Module 4 CTF Command Control Options and CTF HQs Template for PO Return to Main Menu Review Module 3 Proceed with Module 4
Preface – Module 4 § This Workshop Module is focused on the CTF Command Relationship options available for Peace Operations. §This Module also addresses a possible CTF Headquarters template to address the multinational and multifaceted challenges of Peace Operations. §This Module builds upon the MNF SOP Chapter B-3 Command / Control / Coordination Multinational Relationships and Chapter B-7 Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW). Peace Operations Command Relationships are addressed within this Chapter in Annex A (Peace Operations). It is highly recommended that these Chapters be read prior to reviewing the Module Review MNF SOP Proceed on with Module 4
Command Control § Command Control of Multinational Peace Operations are dependent upon unity of effort. This is based primarily on agreed relationships within the CTF command CTF Headquarters. § CTF Commanders and planners need to ensure that Command Relationships and CTF HQ organization are maximized to meet the demands of the Peace Operations missions and provide for thorough civilmilitary planning and coordination.
Part A: Peace Operations Command / Control / Coordination Key Concepts and Terms
Key Concept #1 § Within the CTF there are two chains of command: 1. Respective NATIONAL Chain of Command 2. CTF MULTINATIONAL Chain of Command
Command Control Relationship Concepts § Operational Control (OPCON): Command authority to organize and employ forces, assign tasks, designate objectives, and give authoritive direction necessary to accomplish the mission § Tactical Control (TACON): More restrictive command authority that is limited to the detailed control of movements or maneuvers within a given operational area (AO) necessary to accomplish assigned missions or tasks. § Support: Command authority for support relationships to assist in the coordination and direction of MNF logistical planning, coordination, and control / direction (types will be covered later in brief)
Categories of Support (A Form of Command Relationship) General Support That support which is given to the supported force as a whole rather than to particular subdivision thereof. Mutual Support That support which units render each other against an enemy because of their assigned tasks, their position relative to each other and to the enemy, and their inherent capabilities Direct Support A mission requiring a force to support another specific force and authorizing to answer directly the supported force’s request for assistance Close Support That action of the supporting force against targets or objectives that are sufficiently near the supported force as to require detailed integration or coordination of the supporting actions with the fire, movement or other actions of the supported force.
Key Concept #2: MNF Command Solutions MNF Options: § Adjust the Parameters: • Adjust the operating definitions and authorities of OPCON, TACON, and SUPPORT. § Create New Operative Terms: • Create new terms agreeable to MNF participants to reflect the authorities required for the situation and to address National concerns. § Modified Lead Nation Organization: (see Part B following for example) • Modify to maintain the benefits of the lead nation organization concept while balancing the concerns of respective Nations within the MNF effort.
Part B: Peace Operations Command / Control / Coordination (Strategic and Operational Levels)
Peace Operations Command / Control / Coordination (Strategic and Operational Levels) § Options: 1. Multinational Lead Nation (Non–UN Operation) 2. Multinational Lead Nation – Modified (Non-UN Operation) 3. Regional Organization Led (Non-UN) 4. UN Sanctioned/Authorized – Lead Nation Led or Regional Organization Led 5. UN Sponsored/Mandated – UN Led or Regional Organization Led
Option 1: Multinational Lead Nation (Non–UN Operation) Participating Lead Nation NCA Nation #2 (US National Authority) (AS National Authority) Supporting Strategic Commander (Combatant Commander) National Command Element (NCE) Consultation / Coordination (Nation #1) (ROK National Authority) Supported Strategic Commander (CDF) CCC Supporting Strategic Commander (ROK JCS) Commander Coalition Task Force (CCTF) National Command Element (NCE) Collaboration/ Support CCC Participating US Forces Legend: Participating Nation #3 Strategic Guidance And Support National Command Participating AS Forces OPCON or TACON National Command Theater CCC = Coalition Coordination Center Participating ROK Forces Support Guidance: AS Forces have Priority of effort as the supported cmdr with US and ROK supporting.
Option 2: Multinational Lead Nation – Modified (Non–UN Operation) Nation #1 Note: Used when foreign command of a Nation’s Forces is a major concern. Supporting Strategic Commander Consultation / Coordination Lead Nation Supported Strategic Collaboration/ Commander Coordination Participating Nation #1 Commander CCTF Note: National Command of respective forces is the same as Option 1 for nations under OPCON of CCTF – thru NCEs at CTF Hq (Not Shown) Coalition Coordination Center Participating Nation #1 Legend: Participating Nation #2 Participating Nation #3 Strategic Guidance And Support OPCON or TACON National Command, Theater or COCOM Coordination
Option 3: Regional Organization Led (Non-UN) National Command HQ for US Regional Organization Command Control Arrangements Based upon Alliances and Treaties National Command Element (NCE) Participating US Forces Commander Coalition Task Force (CCTF) Participating AS Forces National Command HQ for ROK National Command Element (NCE) Participating ROK Forces Legend: Strategic Guidance And Support OPCON or TACON National Command
Option 4: UN Sanctioned/Authorized Lead Nation Led (or Regional Organization Led) Lead Nation Authorities (Or Regional Cmd) Supporting Nations Authorities CTF Military Force UN SG Legend: Lead Nation Strategic Direction and Guidance Strategic Coord SRSG Administrative component Humanitarian Component Police Component Human Rights Component Election Component Same Structure as Option 1 Observer Force
Option 5: UN Sponsored/ Mandated – UN Led UN Security Council National Authorities For Each Country SG SRSG CTF - Military Force Observer Force Legend: Administrative Component Humanitarian Component Police Component Human Rights Component National Command Strategic Guidance Direction & Coordination Strategic Guidance/Legitimacy Election Component
Strategic and Operational Levels C 2 Special Note for Planners § Military Chain of Command: Note that all options outlined except for Option 5 have a clear strategic and operational military chain of command. Option 5 has no strategic military Command Control Headquarters above the CTF level. § UN Led PO: This has significant implications for when UN Sponsored/Mandated – UN Led PO should be undertaken (see Brahimi Report on following slide) § Peace Enforcement: requires a viable and robust military organization with a strategic, operational, and tactical level of command in place for planning and execution of PEO operations (Option 1, 2, 3, or 4)
Strategic and Operational Levels C 2 Special Note for Planners (continued) § Brahimi Report on Peace Operations – presented to the UN SC on 21 Aug 2000 stated: • UN Peace Operations should entail three principal activities: 1. Conflict Prevention and Peacemaking 2. Peacekeeping 3. Peace Building • Peace Enforcement should only be attempted by the coalition of the willing.
Part C: Peace Operations Command / Control / Coordination (CTF Component Operational Levels)
Peace Operations Command / Control / Coordination (CTF Component Levels) § Options: 1. Service Components / Task Forces 2. Functional Components / Task Forces 3. Combination of Components and Task forces 4. Other special groupings of nations and forces that best meets operational requirements of mandate
Option 1: Service Components / Task Forces Legend: Strategic Guidance And Support Lead Nation Supporting Nation (s) National Authority National Authorities OPCON or TACON Tentative, This component Supported Strategic Commander may or may not be activated due to nature of CCC the crisis. Commander Coalition / Combined Task Force CCC (CCTF) Coordination, Support and Consultation CNAVFOR Navy Forces Air Forces National Forces CMARFOR MARINE Forces Coalition Coordination Center (used in coalitions) CARFOR CAFFOR National Forces Supporting Strategic Commander(s) CSOTF Army Forces National Forces CPOTF CCMOTF (Psychological) (Civil Military) National Forces
Option 2: Functional Components / Task Forces Legend: Strategic Guidance And Supporting Nation(s) National Authorities Lead National Authority OPCON or TACON Tentative, This component may or may not be activated due to nature of the crisis. Supported Strategic Commander CCC CFMCC CFACC Maritime Component Air Component National Forces CPOTF Coalition Coordination Center (used within coalitions) Commander Coalition / Combined Task Force CCC (CCTF) Coordination, Support and Consultation National Forces Supporting Strategic Commander(s) National Forces CFLCC CSOTF Ground Component National Forces CCMOTF National Forces
Option 3: Combination Components / Task Forces Legend: Strategic Guidance And Support Lead Nation Supporting Nation(s) National Authority National Authorities OPCON or TACON Tentative, This component Supported Strategic Commander may or may not be activated due to nature of CCC the crisis. Commander Coordination, Support Coalition / Combined and Consultation Task Force CCC (CCTF) CFACC TASK FORCE EAST National Forces Air Component National Forces CPOTF National Forces Supporting Strategic Commander(s) Coalition Coordination Center (used within coalitions) TASK FORCE WEST National Forces CSOTF National Forces Nations Grouped into CCMOTF TF East and West / One Air Component for integration of air under one Cmnd
Part D: Peace Operations CTF Headquarters Template (Starting Point for Headquarters Organization)
Preface – Module 4 Part D § This part of the Module is focused upon the proposed starting point for the CTF HQ template within the MNF SOP. §This Module builds upon the MNF SOP Chapter B-5 CTF Headquarters Concept of Operation and Organizational Concepts. §It is highly recommended that this MNF SOP Chapter be read prior to reviewing this Module Review MNF SOP Proceed on with this Module
CTF HQ Organizational Considerations § Peace Operations are not traditional war fighting operations • Support, not victory • Complex, ambiguous, dynamic environment • Non-traditional players § CTF HQ operational tasks for Peace Operations must be identified and planned for early in the CTF activation process
CTF Headquarters Template ---- Essential Battlestaff “Yellow Shaded Area “ Shared Top Level Classification Info Area Commander Coalition / Combined Task Force (CCTF) Classification: Secret – MNF REL Coalition Coordination Center (CCC) Special Access Ops (SOF) DCCTF Personal Staff C 1 C 3 C 2 Personnel Intel Operations COS C 4 C 5 C 6 C 7 Logistics Plans Comms Classification: Case by Case Civil-Military Operations Center (CMOC) Civil/Mil CTF Planning Process (PLANS, FOPS, COPS) (MNF Top Level Classification) Coalition / Combined Logistics Coordination Center (CLCC) Secret – MNF REL Return to Main Menu Effective Multinational and CTF Media Support Staffs (Coalition / Combined Media Pools) Proceed to Module 5 MNF REL = MULTINATIONAL RELEASABLE LIAISON & COORD =
Module 5 Peace Operations Key Planning Documents Return to Main Menu Review Module 4 Proceed with Module 5
Key CTF Planning Documents § § § § Ref: PKI Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) Peace Agreement Mandate Status of Forces/Mission Agreement (SOFA/SOMA) Terms of Reference Rules of Engagement (ROE) Memoranda of Understandings (MOUs) Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP) Note: These are living documents than need continuous management
Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) § United Nations Security Council (UN SC) passes Resolutions that establishes the basis for the Peace Operation. § Peace Operations Resolutions normally contain two sections: First part contains political statements from the UN SC and the second part outlines the Mandate for the Peace Operation.
Peace Agreement § CTF Planners need to refer to any and all Peace Agreements agreed to among the parties to the conflict (past and working agreements). § Mandates for Peace Operations will normally refer to these Agreements and form a foundation for consent within the operation.
Mandate § The Mandate is the central document for outlining the scope of the operation. § The Mandate is either contained in a UN SC Resolution, an Initiating Directive from a Regional Organization or Multinational Organization, or can be included in Warning Orders and OPORDs for the operation.
Mandate Requirements § It is critical that a clear end state be contained in the Mandate § Also establishes the following: • • • ROE guidance Legitimacy for the operation Nature of the operation Strategic Objectives and Political / Military end states Strategic Mission and Tasks Freedoms, constraints, and restraints Expected Duration Logistics and key supporting aspects Civil-Military coordinating mechanisms CTF Key Planning Point: The Mandate is the strategic guidance for the CTF Commander. It forms the foundation for the initial Mission Analysis and follow on Commander’s Estimate. The Mandate must be complete in its guidance and clear in its mission parameters (if not, planners must seek out additional guidance and clearly establish the mission parameters).
Status of Forces/Mission Agreement (SOFA/SOMA) § Negotiated agreements that establish the detailed legal status of PO forces – critical document. § Negotiated by the UN, Regional Organization, or Multinational Organization for the CTF at National levels (not a CTF action, but CTF planners may participate in development with higher headquarters). § Negotiated with the Host Nation and / or Affected Nation and are considered an International Agreement
Terms of Reference (TOR) § Developed to govern implementation of the PO § Based upon the situation and Mandate; may be subject to approval by the parties to the dispute (addresses details of PO) § Describes the mission, command relationships, organization, logistics, accounting procedures, coordination and liaison, and responsibilities or personnel assigned or detailed to the PO force (flexible document). § Normally written at the national level (UN, Regional or Multinational Strategic HQ) however, the potential CTF Commanders and staff may assist in initial development and need to be involved as amendments are developed
Rules of Engagement (ROE) § Directives that delineate the circumstances and limitations under which CTF forces respond to, initiate or continue engagement with other forces or elements § Define when and how force may be used § Initially ROE will be established by the National Strategic / UN level of planning. However, the CTF Commanders must provide continual assessments of the threat and recommendations for adjustments as required. § ROE can make the difference between success and failure • Requires ongoing contingency planning and assessment
Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) § Are used to establish agreements within the CTF forces as required § Flexible tool to establish formal agreements as required (can supplement and / or replace TORs). § Can be used between nations or for the CTF force as a whole to establish procedures or processes. § Existing MOUs need to be identified during the CTF’s activation to determine applicability for current Mandate (can greatly assist in interoperability challenges)
CAP: Combined Appeals Process § Legal Basis • General Assembly Resolution 46/182 • 1994 Inter-Agency Standing Committee approved CAP Guidelines § Produces CHAP: Common Humanitarian Action Plan • • • Presentation of possible scenarios Sectors to be addressed Criteria for Prioritization Relationship with other assistance programs Statement of humanitarian principles Long term goals Main Menu Proceed to Module 6
Module 6 Peace Operations CTF Planning Process Return to Main Menu Review Module 5 Proceed with Module 6
CTF Planning Process § As outlined in the MNF SOP, there are two critical areas that require clear standardization within the CTF: • • CTF Crisis Action Planning (CAP) system CTF HQ Planning Process § This Module addresses these areas in the context of Peace Operations and stresses key planning factors
Planning Environment § Multinational operations – Crisis Oriented §Interagency Operations §Diplomatic process is laborious and not timely §Political influence felt down to tactical level §Tactical decisions could have strategic impact § CMO is the focus § NGO and IO will be part of the fabric of the environment. § High level of media focus § Risk management is a central theme § Resource delivery will be slow and inadequate
CTF Crisis Action Planning (CAP) Process -- Broad Overview Phase 1 Phase 2 SITUATION CRISIS STRATEGIC OPERATIONAL THEATER NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CTF Phase 3 COA ASSESSMENT Lead National Authority Regional Organization United Nations 1. Strategic Assessment 2. Collective NCA/UN Decision for Multinational Military effort DEVELOPMENT Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6 COA EXECUTION SELECTION PLANNING EXECUTION ONGOING LEAD NATIONAL / UN CONSULTATION Deployment Order (s) Issued As Required WARNING ORDER 3. Resolution / Mandate Developed Debated UN SC CDR’S ESTIMATE 4. Resolution Issued or 5. Multinational or Regional Organization Consultation Decision CDR’S ESTIMATE CTF ACTIVATED – CTF PLANNING SYSTEM ESTABLISHED (C 5 Future Plans / FOPS / COPS) PLANNING & ALERT ORDER Note: Planning Order Is optional; Alert Order required. EXECUTE ORDER Review SSC OPORD EXECUTE ORDER CTF DRAFT OPORD CTF COMPONENTS ORGANIZED MPAT CADRE DEPLOYS CTF CRISIS ACTION PLANNING (CAP) Approved ORDER CTF COMMAND OPERATIONAL
Critical CTF Planning Points (CTF Crisis Action Planning) § PO planning is no different than for any other military ops § However, two critical areas of planning must be focused early on in PO planning: 1. Strategic Level: Clear Situational Analysis and Strategic Assessments at the National / UN Strategic Levels – Clear Mandate 2. Operational Level: Thorough CTF Mission Analysis, Course of Action Development, and Commanders Estimate See following slides for above two areas of focus
Focus 1 Lead National Authority Regional Organization United Nations 1. Strategic Assessment 2. Collective National Authority/UN Decision for Multinational Military effort 3. Resolution / Mandate Developed Debated UN SC 4. Resolution Issued or 5. Multinational or Regional Organization Consultation Decision Focus 1: Strategic Level Clear Guidance & End State Clear Mandate
Critical CTF PO Planning Process Focus 2 Warning Order Mission Analysis Brief Mission Analysis WARNING ORDER CDR’S ESTIMATE COA Development COA Analysis COA Comparison CDR’S ESTIMATE Focus 2: CTF Mission Analysis, COA Development, & Commander’s Estimate CDR Planning Guidance Plan/Order Development COA Decision Brief to Cdr COA Selection Commander’s Est. To Lead National Authority (or UN)
CTF HQ Planning Process Key to Maintaining Planning Flexibility & Contingency Plan Development Focus 168 Hrs (1 wk)** and beyond 96 -168 Hrs** Mid – Term To Long Range “What’s Next” Focus 0 – 96 hrs** Near Term CTF: 0 -24 Hrs Current “Hand-Off” of Plan CTF: 24 -96 Hrs “What‘s the Situation “Issue & Monitor & C 3 Future What Refinements Operations What Adjustments Are (FOPS) Are Required” C 5 Future Plans (PLANS) Future Operations (FOPS) Current Operations (COPS) Provides for an integrated and managed process of the movement of plans from the planning stage, to the refinement stage, and then to the execution stage **Timeframes are conditioned based and can be adapted to meet the Commander’s requirements 12
Mission Analysis § Essential and must not be truncated to meet political exigencies § Consider political and military guidance • May not be timely and adequate § Based on comprehensive AO understanding • Demographic analysis • Use of all sources: NGO/ IO • Coordinated in-country surveys Ref: PKI
Mission Analysis Continued § Focus on Consent and Legitimacy • Will determine the nature of the operation. • Have political, legal, social, informational and economic implications. Ref: PKI
Consent § Shapes the Operation § Not Static § Must be promoted and sustained § Affected by • Legitimacy • Credibility • Impartiality Ref: PKI
Key Questions § What are the military and civil conditions that must be attained to achieve the strategic and operational objectives? §What sequence of action on both the military and civilian side will produce these conditions? §How should the military resources be applied in concert with civil resources to accomplish that sequence of action? Ref: PKI
Key Questions (Continued) § How best can these actions be designed to transition from military to civil authorities? § Are the associated risks acceptable? Ref: PKI
Objectives, End States and Success § Based on mandate, agreements, and directives § Broad including military and civil goals § Military objectives and end state are supportive • Measured by benchmarks • Clearly defined set of criteria • Linked to overall political/ economic and social end state Ref: PKI
End-State Reality § End-state vision is initially vague, short-term, & incomplete • Positive: Allows flexibility, provides for unforeseen circumstances and developing political and economic realities • Negative: Complicates military operations • Challenges for CTF to identify conditions that support a developing end-state • Affects Transition planning § Pre-engagement vision of the end-state will be modified during the peace operation. The longer the operation the greater the potential for modification. § Military hand off to civil agencies will be drawn out depending on the stability of the end state. Ref: PKI
Toward Resolution MILITARY POLITICAL ECONOMIC Ref: PKI Key Sectors for MOEs (see next slide) End States Will be Primarily Political & Economic
Example End State Matrix Sectors Pre. Conflict Agreement Mandate End State # system destroyed # system remaining # systems prevent aggression Humanitarian Assistance Status of Displaced Persons # and location of DP & status Long term care established Human Rights Social Reconciliation Status of Land ownership DP and results of hostilities Status of land Final resolution of land ownership ( no collectives) Governance Status of Govt. [Dictatorship] Results of Hostilities Status of emerging Govt. Vision of future Govt. Civil Law and Order Status of Legal System Results of Hostilities Assessment/ Police, Judges Description of objective system Infrastructure Description Results of Hostilities Assessment of capabilities Description of objective capabilities Public Diplomacy Ref: PKI # of systems Description Themes Assessment of attitudes Description of behavior Security
Ref: PKI Objectives § Military objectives directly associated with Diplomatic objectives § Diplomatic objectives are not static § Military must participate in diplomatic process § Military Objectives must be appropriate and attainable
Peace Operations – Campaign Phases (OPORD Phases) § § § Phase 1: Phase 2: Phase 3: Phase 4: Phase 5: Preparation and Deployment Lodgement Execute Mandate Post-Crisis Transition Redeployment CTF Planning Technique: Phases can have sub-phases to assist in Complex Operations. For example: Phase 1 A – Assessment Team Deployment / Initial Pre. Deployment Actions Phase 1 B – Advance Party Deployment / Pre-Training Actions Ref: PKI
Criteria for Success § Preconditions • Factors the Commander considers necessary • Relate directly to inherent risk • Influences National Participation § Standards • Measures of effectiveness to gauge progress • Basis for transition to civil effort Ref: PKI
Measures of Effectiveness (MOE) § Developed through inter-agency and multinational process § Appropriate for each agency § Related to objectives and End State § Consistently measurable § Attainable by resources § Timely implementation CTF Planning Technique: Outline Starting MOEs for each Phase of Campaign And Ending MOEs for each Phase of Campaign Ref: PKI
Measures of Effectiveness Examples § MILITARY • Separation of factions/belligerents • Cantonment of Weapons • Cessation of Belligerent Military Operations § HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE Ref: PKI • Near Term Goals - % of children in school - Average caloric intake per refugee/IDP - % of refugees/IDP in temporary shelter • Long Term Goals - Literacy rate going up or down - Crop yields vs. food imports - Returnees/Repatriation/Resettlement
Congratulations! You have just completed the MPAT Workshop Module Series. To review Modules click on the Main Menu button below. Main Menu References
MPAT Workshop Module References This Module series relies on emerging concepts on Peace Operations based upon recent PO international experience. The key sources for these concepts are: §Challenges of Peace Operations: Into the 21 Century Concluding Report (ISBN: 91 -89683 -00 -5) Presented to UNSG 25 April 2002. (http: //www. peacechallenges. net) §NATO Pub, AJP 3. 4. 1, Peace Support Operations §UN Documents and DPKO web sites • Brahimi Report – Presented to UNSG 21 August 2000 (http: //www. un. org/Depts/dpko/home_bottom. htm) § Center of Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance (COE) (http: //coe-dmha. org) §U. S. Army Peacekeeping Institute (http: //carlislewww. army. mil. /USACS 1/divisions/pki/default. htm) §Center for Civil-Military Relations “EPIC Program” (http: //www. ccmr. org/public/home. cfm §U. S. Joint Pub 3 -07. 3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for PO Return to Main Menu Return to Preface
Glossary IDP (Internally Displaced Person) IFOR – Return to Main Menu Interstate – Intrastate – INTERFET – International Force in East Timor KFOR – Allied Forces in Kosovo Peace Support Operations – Preventive Diplomacy – Regional Organization – SHIRBRIG – Stand-by High Readiness Brigade for Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Tasks SFOR – NATO Stabilization Force in Bosnia Herzegovina UN Charter VII – UNAMIR – United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda UNMIBH – UNMIH – United Nations Mission in Haiti UNMISET – United Nations Mission in Support of East Timor (UN sponsored) UNPREDEP – United Nations Preventative Deployment Force (Macedonia) UNTAET – United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor UPHOLD DEMOCRACY – US Led Multinational Force in Haiti Pursuant to Security Council Resolution
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