PDE Vocabulary
New lexical items How and why does the language expand?
Sources: • • new phenomena (e. g. technology( changes in thinking , mass movements mass media: news, literature, songs, entertainment • Jargon (p. 68), slang (p. 67), slogans(p. 66(
Single words: Affixation (prefixes and suffixes) • • reconstruction individualism computerize booklet upload cigarette downsize update
Single words: Borrowing / Loan words + loan-translation (calque) Loan-words: cliche, kosher, siesta, bon appetit, tete a tete, rendez-vous, dejavu, fait-accompli, finito, nada, impasse, double-entendre, shlep Calques: superman, world-view, spirit of the times, flea-market, lose face
Single words: Eponymy: brandnames, names of people, mythological references, places • hoover, xerox, tippex • pasteurize, denim, levis • china, nescafe, hamburger, frankfurter
Single words: Blending • • • brunch, Quicktionary Smog Heliport Eurovision
Single words: Acronyms and initials Acronyms • NATO • NASA • radar • Scuba • laser
Initials BBC UK USA TV www
Single words: Clipping • • • Phone, Ad ‘roo Vet Taxi/cab
Single words: Compounding • • eyeliner breakdown eggplant postman
Single words: Functional shift • • impact email influence House Drink To up
Single words: Onomatopeia • pop • click • •
Single words: Meaning shift or extension through: • Need for new term, so adopted something similar in form or function: mouse, virus • Metaphorical extension or metonymy: the crown, the White House, • Euphemism, bathroom, pass away, make love, gay, star • Common mistakes: Confusion with something similar: disinterested/uninterested
New words: coinages (completely new inventions) • googol • blurb •
Chunks: phrasal verbs • copy in • switch on / off • take over, • •
Chunks: fixed collocations of verb+adverb, adjective+noun, verb+object, prepositional phrases etc. • couch potato • spotted kingfisher • ill at ease • juggling act • chief of staff • free market • force of gravity, •
‘Stagnation’ of items Cliché: • •
Loss of items Because: - The referent has disappeared - Unacceptable / distasteful - Replaced by something more fashionable
For next time • Find at least one new item for each category, upload onto the site (Assignment: vocabulary expansion)
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