Patriotism, Xenophobia, and Support for Outgroups and Transnational Institutions In Europe Kathleen M. Dowley Department of Political Science & International Relations, SUNY New Paltz, New York Brian D. Silver Department of Political Science Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Ana Paula Tostes Department of Political Science Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Conference on “Communication Across Borders, ” IDC, Herzliya, Israel, July 6 -9, 2008 1
THE PROBLEM 2
Main Questions • What are the dimensions of patriotism? • What is the relationship between patriotism and attitudes toward outgroups (minorities, immigrants) as well as toward ceding the state’s authority to international organizations? 3
Basic Predictions about Patriotism and Attitudes towards Outgroups 1. Greater patriotism associated with exclusion of outgroups. – Based on logic of social identity theory (Tajfel). – In European context, patriotic or nationalist feelings often said to foster negative attitudes toward minorities, toward immigrants, and toward ceding power to European Union (EU) institutions. 2. Titular or majority ethnic group members should be more exclusionary than nontitular group members toward outgroups and minorities (won’t emphasize this dimension today). – Social dominance theory (Sidanius et al. ). – Also, in most European countries titular group’s name 4 is associated with country’s name, culture, heritage.
MEASURING PATRIOTISM 5
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International Social Survey Program National Identity Surveys • 1995 23 countries: 9 in Western Europe, 8 in Eastern Europe • 2003 34 countries: 13 in Western Europe, 8 in Eastern Europe • Major focus on national identity, pride, patriotism and attitudes towards minorities, immigrants, and “Europe. ” Data: http: //www. issp. org • Headline: “Americans are world’s most patriotic people” http: //www-news. uchicago. edu/releases/98/980630. patriotism. shtml 7
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DEPENDENT VARIABLES What are we trying to explain? 10
Three Dependent Variables (sign of expected correlation with patriotism) • Ethnic nation – support an “exclusive” definition of true membership in political community based on birth, ancestry, and religion? (+) • Immigrants – negative images, stereotypes of immigrants? (+) • International organizations – grant power to international organizations at expense of one’s own country? (–) 11
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MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS • Tests using OLS regression • Part of analysis: Pooled respondents from Europe and U. S. (24 countries), 2003 ISSP Survey • Pooled cases from Europe only (excluding Russia) (attitudes toward international organizations) 13
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EXTENSION: ATTITUDES TOWARD INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 19
Two Survey Questions (combine to get new variable: 5=strongest support for IO’s, 1= weakest) 1. In general [COUNTRY] should follow the decisions of international organizations to which it belongs, even if the government does not agree with them (V 43). Strongly agree (5), Agree (2), Neither agree nor disagree (3), Disagree (4), Strongly disagree (1). 2. International organizations are taking away too much power from the [COUNTRY NATIONALITY] government (V 44). Strongly agree (1), Agree (2), Neither agree nor disagree (3), Disagree (4), Strongly disagree (5). 20
Table 10. Pride in State, Chauvinism, and Partisan Ideology and Support for International Organizational Power (Combined European respondents, exc. Russia) Dependent Variable: Favor International Government Power b State Pride . 127 t-ratio (sig. ) 12. 124 (<. 001) Chauvinism -. 179 -22. 240 (<. 001) Partisan Ideology -. 019 -3. 346 (<. 001) 3. 215 88. 338 (<. 001) . 038. 792 15, 538 (left=1; rt. =5) C Adjusted R 2 SEE N 21
Main Results • Does patriotism lead to negative attitudes toward “others? ” Depends on the dimension of patriotism: Strong support for the state institutions, esp. democratic state institutions is not exclusionary; Strong chauvinism, however, is exclusionary. • Does patriotism lead to negative attitudes toward international organizations? Depends again. Paradox: the stronger people’s support for their own country’s political institutions, the more willing they are to subordinate their country’s authority to that of international organizations. 22
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