Pascal and Archimedes P Po rgh Fbuoy Wfluid

Pascal and Archimedes P=Po+rgh Fbuoy=Wfluid_displ

Typical content of the atmosphere (ppm by volume near the surface) • • • N 2 780, 900 O 2 209, 400 H 2 O variable (<20, 000) Argon 9, 300 CO 2 380* • Neon 18 • Helium 5. 2 • Methane 1. 7* • Krypton 1 • Hydrogen 0. 5 • • NAAQS pollutants (ppm) CO 9 (Prim. standard) NO 2 0. 05 (NOx? ? ) O 3 0. 075 SOx 0. 03 P 10 150 mg/m 3 P 2. 5 15 mg/m 3 Lead 0. 15 mg/m 3 * Occur naturally, but variable due to human activity http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Atmosphere_gas_proportions. svg

http: //eosweb. larc. nasa. gov/EDDOCS/images/Erb/components 2. gif

Atmospheric structure T up to 1500 K due to intense solar radiation Chemical composition changes to be richer in lighter gases, gravitational stratification almost no H 2 O or ozone T relatively constant, increasing to About 200 K at the stratopause Average d. T/dh = -6 K/km The region of weather! http: //www. mardiros. net/atmosphere_structure. html

Troposphere and Ozone http: //www. weatherquestions. com/troposphere. jpg 10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to 40 ppb ozone in the troposphere! http: //www. mardiros. net/atmosphere_structure. html

Temperature Inversion In extreme cases the temperature can actually increase with height. http: //www. weatherquestions. com/What_is_a_temperature_inversion. htm

Temperature Inversion http: //daphne. palomar. edu/calenvironment/smog. htm

Example of an inversion (Scotland) http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Temperature_inversion

Schanghai Dec. 1993 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image: Sha 1993_smog_wkpd. jpg

Aerosols http: //earthobservatory. nasa. gov/Library/Aerosols/

http: //www. epa. gov/air/criteria. html (2) As of Oct. 2008

Health Effects: Time and concentration Sulfur dioxide as an example

CO http: //www. epa. gov/air/emissions/index. htm

SO 2 http: //www. epa. gov/air/emissions/index. htm

NO 2 http: //www. epa. gov/air/emissions/index. htm

PM 2. 5

VOC’s http: //www. epa. gov/air/emissions/index. htm

Air pollution profile for typical cities What are the key trends you observed here, and what is behind those trends?

http: //www. epa. gov/air/criteria. html (2) As of Oct. 2008

Summary of Tuesday • Six pollutants controlled under NAAQS: CO, NO 2, SO 2, O 3, PM-(2. 5, 10), Pb; VOC contributes to the formation of O 3. Amounts released: ~15 (NO) - 110 (CO) million tons/yr. • Coal is a major source of PM-X and SO 2 • Vehicles are major source of NO 2, CO, VOC (and therefore O 3). • Temperature inversions concentrate pollution, they are not caused by pollution nor are they responsible for the pollutants in the first place.

K&H fig 8. 13

Typical TRACE Impurities in Coal (does not include sulfur, which is not a trace impurity, but can be several %!) • How much lead, mercury, and uranium is emitted per year in the US by power plants burning this stuff?

Solution I: Build taller smoke stacks http: //science. howstuffworks. com/clean-coal. htm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Flue_gas_stack World’s tallest smoke stack (420 m) in Ekibastusz Kasakhstan at a 1 GWe coal-fired power plant (second tallest, at 380 m) is at a nickel smelter in the North American Midwest. There are LOTS of tall stacks In the Midwest (many at power plants).

Global wind patterns http: //ww 2010. atmos. uiuc. edu/(Gh)/wwhlpr/hurricane_globalwinds. rxml? hret=/indexlist. rxml

Acid rain patterns in the US NOTE: neutral water is p. H=7; the lower the number, the stronger the acid. ca. 2000

Pollution control devices: Power plant

Control of particle emissions: Filters and precipitators H. V. on a wire in the center Cyclonic (better for large >50 mm particles) Electrostatic (better for small particles)

See also an IU article On coal and limestone: http: //www. indiana. edu/~rcapub/v 20 n 3/p 9. html http: //www. dukepower. com/environment/air/scrubber_diagram. pdf

Auto emission controls • Catalytic Converter: • Reduce CO, NOx, VOC • Emission Gas Recirculation valve (EGR) • Reduces NOx • Electronic ignition control • Reduce CO, VOC • Positive Crankcase Vent. Valve • Reduce VOC emission • Gas vapor capture • Reduce VOC emission http: //auto. howstuffworks. com/catalytic-converter. htm

Emission Standards for cars (grams/mile) Pollutant 1975 1990 2004 VOC 3. 4 0. 41 0. 15 NOx 3. 1 1. 0 0. 43 CO 34 3. 4

Chapter 9 Global Climate Change http: //eosweb. larc. nasa. gov/EDDOCS/images/Erb/components 2. gif

Quiz 5 • Three of the seven pollutants (the six NAAQS substances plus VOC’s) we discussed on Tuesday are produced in greater quantities through natural processes than through activities associated with mankind (so-called anthropogenic sources). Identify two of these three, and provide a BRIEF explanation for why we are more concerned with the anthropogenic sources than the natural sources of these pollutants.

Spectrum of Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface H&K fig 6. 2 Absorption bands due to gasses like CO 2, H 2 O, CH 4 etc. These are the so-called green -house gasses.

CO 2 Concentrations and Temperature Change Note that total temperature change across several ice ages was only about 12 o. C or about 22 o. F.

http: //www. whrc. org/carbon/ (Woods Hole Research Center)

Carbon Cycle http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Carbon_cycle

Sediments and sedimentary Rocks could account for another 6 x 107 Petagrams! (www. physicalgeography. net/9 r. html) http: //www. whrc. org/carbon/ 1 petagram = 1. 1 x 109 tons CO 2 emissions are some 65 times the CO emissions (Woods Hole Research Center)

Carbon Sequestration (“Clean coal” as of ~ 2000) Research and Creative Activity, Oct 2008, IU OVPR publication Note that “clean coal” is a term that has been around for a long time, but it has only recently morphed into this incarnation. Originally it referred simply to using low-sulfur coal, then to including emission control measures, and finally to include limits on CO 2 emissions. It’s true meaning in the mind of the user is therefore to be taken with some appropriate degree of skepticism!

Ozone in the atmosphere: good and bad 10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to 40 ppb ozone in the troposphere! http: //www. mardiros. net/atmosphere_structure. html

Ozone levels at Halley Bay station (Antarctica) http: //www. atm. ch. cam. ac. uk/tour/part 2. html

TOMS Satellite movie (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) http: //www. atm. ch. cam. ac. uk/tour/anim_toms. html

TOMS Satellite movie (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) http: //www. atm. ch. cam. ac. uk/tour/part 2. html

Hurricane Interior

Global warming: What is the controversy? http: //www. junkscience. com/GMT/index. htm Interesting NPR story on recently rejected coal power plant in Kansas http: //www. npr. org/templates/story. php? story. Id=15546026

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