
7ab1a94f04674ef24a450558071dfcf2.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 130
Part Ⅱ Machining Operation Unit Unit 4 5 6 7 8 9
Unit 4 Text Kinds of Steel 1.Carbon steels o (1) Low carbon steel containing from 0.05 to 0 .15 percent carbon, this steel is also known as machine steel. o (2) Medium carbon steel containing from 0.15 to 0.60 percent carbon. o (3) High carbon steel containing from 0.6 to 1. 50 per cent carbon, this steel is sometimes called “tool steel”.
2.Alloy steels o (1) Special alloy steel,such as nickel, chromium steel. o (2) High-speed steel also known as self-hardening steel.
New Words and Phrases o o o carbon ['kɑ: bən] n. 碳 nickel ['nikl] n. 镍 chromium ['krəumjəm] n. 铬 manganese ['mæŋɡə'ni: z] n. 锰 molybdenum [mɔ'libdinəm] n. 钼 tungsten ['tʌŋstən] n. 钨 vanadium [və'neidiəm] n. 钒 harden ['hɑ: dn] v.硬化;淬火 bolt [bəult] n.螺栓 gear [giə] n. 齿轮 bearing ['bεəriŋ] n. 轴承 shaft [ʃɑ: ft] n. 轴
o o o corrosion [kə'rəuʒən] n. 腐蚀 stainless ['steinlis] a. 不锈的 alloy ['ælɔi] n. 合金 v.将(某贵金属)与贱金属熔合 medium ['mi: djəm] n. 媒介;中间物 a. 中间的,中等 的;适中的 fine [fain] a. 细小的;纤细的;(金银等)纯净的;精练的; 含量高的 vibration [vai'breiʃən] n. 振动,颤动 heat-resistant 耐热的 tool steel 具钢 self-hardening steel 自硬钢 high-speed 高速的 high-speed steel 高速钢
Notes o o [1] high-speed steel also known as self-hardening steel. 还有通称为自硬钢的高速钢。 “also known as self-hardening steel”是过去分词短语做定语,修 饰“high-speed steel”。 高速钢是一种含有钨、铬、钒等合金元素的高合金 具钢,它可以在 空气中自行淬硬,因而称“self-hardening steel”,也称为风钢。 be known as 是“称为、称作”的意思。又如: Qinghai-Xizang Plateau has long been known as the roof of the world. 青藏高原素有世界屋脊之称。 [2] Depend on sth;follow from sth 取决于某事物 Whether you can be employed well will be depended on your special technique and English. 你是否能取得好的就业岗位将取决于你的专业技术和专业英语。
o [3] The more carbon the steel contains and the quicker the cooling is, the harder it becomes. 钢的含碳量越高,冷速越快,钢就变得越硬。 o [4]. . . because the alloying elements make them tougher,stronger or harder than carbon stainless steels. 因为合金元素能提高钢的韧性,强度和硬度(与碳钢比较)。 有些合金元素能提高钢的耐腐蚀性,这种钢称为不锈钢。 句中的“make”和“cause”均为及物动词,它们的宾语分别为 “them”和“steel”。作为宾语“them”的补足语是形容比较级 “tougher,stronger or harder”,而宾语“steel”的补足语是 不定式短语“to resist corrosion”。“stainless steels”作主语 “such steel”的补充语。
o o [5] Heat-resistant steel is made by adding some tungsten and molybdenum,while manganese in-creases the wear resistance of steel. 耐热钢是通过加入钨和钼而制得的,而锰能提高钢的耐磨性能。 本句为并列句。While 在句中作连词,表示“对比”或“对照”,又如: I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream. 我爱和清咖啡,而他喜欢喝加奶油的。 [6] Tools made of high-speed streel containing tungsten, chromium,vanadium and carbon,may do the work at much higher speeds than carbon tool steel. 用含有钨、铬、钒、碳的高速钢制作的刀具能够比碳素 具钢以高得 多的速度进行切削加 。 “made of high-speed steel”是分词短语作后置定语,修饰“Tools”, 而“containing tung-sten, chromium, vanadium and carbon”是另一分词短语作后置定语,修饰“high-speed steel”。
Exercises Ⅰ.Answet the following questions according to the text. o 1.What is called“carbon steel”?What about“alloy steel”? o 2.What methods are available for improving the hardness of high carbon steel? o 3.What are the machine parts that do not strength made of? o 4.Why do the alloying elements such as chromium and tungste increase the hardness and strength of steel? o 5.What is heat-resistant steel? What about stainless steels?
Ⅱ.Mark the following statements with T(true) or F(false) according to the text. o 1.High-speed steel is sometimes called self-hardening steel . o 2.Alloys having more than 0.6% carbon are called high carbon steels. o 3.Alloys containing 0.15%(or less)carbon are called low carbon steels. o 4.Steels contain more carbon than cast irons. o 5.Low carbon steel is harder than high carbon steel. o 6.The properties of carbon steels depend not only on the percentage of carbon they contain,but also on the alloying elements. o 7.Tools made of High-Speed steel do the work at much lower speeds than carbon steels. o 8.Stainless steels contain some alloying elements,which cause steels to resist corrosion.
Ⅲ.Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the word given in the brackets. o 1.High-speed steel is also as selfhardening steel.(know) o 2.The more carbon the steel contains and the cooling is, the (hard) it becomes.(quick) o 3.High carbon steel may be by heating it to a certain temperature and tehn quickly cooling in water.(harden) o 4.Heat-resistant steel is made by some tungsten and molybdenum.(add)
Ⅳ.Translate the following sentences into Chinese. o 1.Carbon steel contains only iron and carbon,while alloy steel contains some other “alloying elements”. o 2.Special alloy steed,such as nickel,chromium steel. o 3.High carbon steel containing from 0.6 to 1.50 per cent carbon,this steel is also named“tool steel”. o 4.Tools made of high-speed steel containing tungsten,chromium,vanadium,and carbon,may do the work at much higher speeds than carbon tool steels.
Translating Skills 科技英语翻译方法与技巧 ——专业英语的语法特点 (1) 被动语态多。 (2) 后置定语多。 (3) 复杂长句多。
一、被动语态 二、客观性 三、名词化结构 四、非谓语动词 (1)动名词的使用 (2)分词的使用 (3)不定式的使用
五、常用句型 o The case is that. . . 问题在于. . . o It can be seen that. . . 可以看出. . . o It has been proved that. . . 已经证明. . . o It appears that. . . 看来. . . o Results demonstrate that. . . 经验证明. . . o It is necessary to point out that. . . 有必要指出. . . o It is not hard to imagine that. . . 不难想象. . . o It will be found that. . . 将会发现. . . o If follows that. . . 由此可见. . . o This implies. . . 意味着. . .
o Of importance is (are). . o Of recent concern is (are). . . 是. . . o Particularly noteworthy is that. . . o The question is that. . . o It must be noted that. . . o It was reported that. . . o It should be mentioned that. . . o We believe that. . . o Practice has shown that. . . o The fact is that. . . o The purpose of this paper is. . 近来引起重视的是 特别值得注意的 问题在于. . . 结论是. . . 必须指出. . . 据报道. . . 应该指出. . . 我们认为. . . 实践证明. . . 事实是. . . 本文的目的是
o Calculations indicated that. . . 般认为. . . o Experience has shown that. . o Fig. 2 illustrates. . . o I suppose that. . . o It is evident that. . . o Some believe that. . . o One can only say that. . . o Tests have proven that. . . o It is possible that. . . o It is well known that. . . o It may be remarked that. . . 据说. . . ,一 实践已证明 图 2表明了. . . 我以为. . . 显然. . . 有些人认为. . . 只能认为. . . 实验证实. . . 可能. . . 众所周知. . . 可以认为. . .
六、省略句和长句 1. 省略句 (1)并列复合句中的省略。各分句中的相同成分可以省略。 (2)状语从句中的省略。在复合句中,当状语从句的主语 和主句的主语相同时,从句中的主语和助动词可以省略。 (3)定语从句中的省略。由关联词that或which引导的定 语从句,可将关联词和从句谓语中的助动词一并省略。 (4)其他省略句 1)通过改变句子结构,可将较长的句子压缩成较简单 的句子。 2) 使用标准的缩写词,也可将长句缩短。
(5) 常见省略句型。在专业英语中常用一些省略句型。 o As described above. . . 如前所述. . . o As shown in figure 3. . . 如图 3所示. . . o As indicated in table 2. . . 如表 2所指出的. . . o As already discussed. . . 如前面讨论过的. . . o As noted later. . . 如后面所说明的. . . o If any (anything). . . 如果有的话,即使需 要也. . . o If convenient. . . 如果方便的话. . .
o If necessary. . . o If possible. . . o If required. . . o If not. . . o If so. . . o When in use. . o When necessary. . . o When needed. . . o When possible. . . 2. 长句 必要时,如果必要的话. . . 如有可能. . . 如果需要. . . 即使不. . . 如果是这样,果真如此. . . 在使用时,当 作时 必要时. . . 需要时. . . 有可能的. . .
Reading Material Engineering Materials a)fiber-reinforced composite b)particulate composite c)laminated composite
New Words and Phrases o o o classification [, klæsifi'keiʃən] n. . 分类 分级 scheme [ski : m] n. 方案,安排,配置,计划,阴谋 density ['densiti] n. 密度 carbon ['kɑ: bən] n. 碳 silicon ['silikən] n. 硅 sulfur ['sʌlfə] n. 硫磺 manganese [, mæŋgə'ni: z] n. 锰 phosphrous ['fɔsfərəs] n. 磷 brittl ['britl] a. 脆性的,脆弱的 cast [kɑ: st] n. 铸件v. 铸造,浇铸 constituent [kən'stitjuənt] n. 成分,要素 chromium ['krəumiəm] n. 铬
o o o o nickel ['nikl] n. 镍 molybdenum [mə'libdinəm] n. 钼 copper ['kɔpə] n. 铜 tungsten ['tʌŋstən] n. 钨 cobalt [kəu'bɔ: lt] n. 钴 malleable ['mæliəbəl] a. 可锻的,有延展性的 aluminum [ə'lju: minəm] n. 铝 titanium [tai'teiniəm] n. 钛 organic [ɔ: 'gænik] a. 有机的 compound ['kɔmpaund] n. 化合物 polymerization [, pɔlimərai'zeiʃən] n. 聚合,聚合作用 thermoplastic[, θə: məu'plæstik] a. 塑性的 n. 热塑性塑料 thermosetting ['θə: məu, setiŋ] a. 热固性的
o o o bakelite ['beikəlait] n. 酚醛塑料, 胶木,电木 plasticity [plæs'tisiti] n. 可塑性,塑性 fluidity [flu: 'iditi] n. 流动性 extrude [eks'tru: d] v. 挤压 synthetic [sin'θetik] a. 合成的,人造的 elasticity [, elæs'tisəti] n. 弹力,弹性 composite ['kəmpəzit] n. 复合材料,合成物 Particulate [pə'tikjulit] a. 微粒的 n. 微粒 Laminated ['læmineitid] a. 薄板[薄片]状的 Ceramic [si'ræmik] n. 陶瓷 a. 陶器的。 Diamond ['daiəmənd] n. 金刚石,钻石 carboed ['kɑ: bəuid ]n. 硬质合金
o o o automobile ['ɔ: təməubi: l] n. 汽车 panel ['pænəl] n. 面板,仪表盘 headstock ['hedstɔk] n. 主轴箱 bed [bed] n. 床身 gear [giə] n. 齿轮,传动装置 normalizing ['nɔ: məlaiz] n. 正火 anneal [ə'ni: l] n. 退火 temper ['tempə] n. 回火 quencher ['kwentʃə] n. 淬火 thermal conductivity 导热性 cast iron 铸铁 iron carbon铁碳合金
o o o o PE (polyethyene) 聚乙烯 PVC (plyvinyl choride) 聚氯乙烯 PP(polypropylene)聚丙烯 PS(polystyrene)聚苯乙烯 ABS丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯,ABS塑料 nylon 尼龙,聚酰胺纤维 EP (expoxy) 环氧树脂 injection molding 注塑成型 electronic insulation电绝缘性 fiber-reinforced 纤维增强的 High-speed steel 高速钢 CBN (Cubic Boron Nnitride) 立方氮化硼 Lamp-chimney灯罩
Unit 5 Text Metal Cutting Technology
New Words and Phrases o o o processing [prɔu'sesiŋ] n. 加 方法, 加 , 制造 assembly [ə'sembli] n. 装配 operation [. ɔpə'reiʃən] n. 序, 运转, 操作 machinery [mə'ʃi: nəri] n. [总称] 机器, 机械 manufacturing [. mænju'fæktʃəriŋ] n. 制造, 生产 machining [mə'ʃi: niŋ] v. 机械加 , 加 pressworking ['preswə: kiŋ] n. 压力加 enhance [in'hɑ: ns] vt. 提高, 增强 polishing ['pɔliʃiŋ] n. 抛光 workpart [wə: kəpɑ: t] n. 件 geometry [dʒi'ɔmitri] n. 几何学, 几何形状 turning ['tə: niŋ] n. 车削
o o o o milling ['miliŋ] n. 铣削 drilling ['driliŋ] n. 钻削 boring ['bɔ: riŋ] n. 镗削 grinding ['graindiŋ] n. 磨削 lathe [leið] n. 车床 tool [tu: l] n. 刀具, 具, 用具 hardness ['hɑ: dnis] n. 硬度, strength [streŋθ] n. 强度, 力量 tenacity [ti'næsiti] n. 韧性 spindle ['spindl] n. 主轴, 杆, 心轴 generatrix [. dʒenə'reitriks] n. 母线 feed [fi: d] n. 进给量 chip [tʃip] n. 切屑
o o o o variable ['vɛəriəbl] n. 变量 raw material 原材料 metal casting 金属铸造, 金属铸件 plastic molding 塑料成型 heat-treating 热处理 EDM(electron discharge machining) n. 电火花加 LBM (laser beam machining) n. 激光加 USM (ultrasonic machining) n. 超声波加 machine tool n. 机床 milling machine n. 铣床 drill press n. 钻床 grinding machine n. 磨床 machining center n. 加 中心 turning tool 车刀
milling cutter 铣刀 twist drill 钻头, 麻花钻 grinding wheel 砂轮 chemical stability 化学稳定性 main movement 主运动 feed movement 进给运动 schematic diagram 示意图 cutting speed 切削速度 depth of cut 背吃刀量, 吃刀量 continuous chip 连续切屑, 带状切屑 segmented nonhomogeneous chip 分段不均匀切屑, 节状 切屑 o discontinuous chip 不连续切屑, 崩碎切屑 o o o
Notes p [1] Processing operation can commonly be classified into four types: 1. Basic process operations (such as metal casting and plastic molding), 2. Secondary process operations (including machining and pressworking operations), 3. Operations to enhance physical properties (such as heat-treating operations), 4. Finishing operations (such as painting, polishing). 加 序常被分为四类: 1、基本加 序(如金属铸造和塑料成型) 2、二次加 序(包括机加 和压力加 序)3、提高物理特性的 序(如热处理 序)4、终加 或光整加 序(如喷漆、抛光)。 p [2] Various processes include general processes, such as turning, milling, drilling, boring, grinding, etc. and special process, such as EDM (Electron Discharge Machining), LBM (Laser Beam Machining), USM (Ultrasonic Machining) etc. 不同的加 方法包括常用加 ,比如,车削、铣削、钻削、镗削、磨 削等,和特种加 ,比如,电子束加 、激光加 、超声波加 等。
o [3] For example, in turning process, the rotation of spindle is the main movement which generates generatrix, and the turning tool’s move is the feed movement which generates lead line. 例如,在车削加 中,主轴的旋转是主运动,用来产生母线,而 车刀的运动是进给运动,用来产生导线。 o [4] The three elements of cutting include cutting speed, feed and the depth of cut. 切削用量三要素包括切削速度、进给量和切削深度。 o [5] Chips will have different shapes such as continuous chips, segmented nonhomogeneous chips and discontinuous chips according to different part materials, processes, and other variables 5 根据零件材料、加 方法及其它变量的不同,切屑会形成不同形 状,如带状切屑、节状切屑和崩碎切屑。
Exercises I. Answer the following questions according to the text o 1. What is the metal cutting technology? o 2. What are three elements of cutting used in processing?
II. Match the processing in column A with the machine tool in column B and cutting tool in column C. A B C
III. Acronym reverting. o EDM—— o LBM—— o USM—— Ⅳ. Translate the following English (Chinese) sentences into Chinese (English). o 1.Production operation is the processing step in which one operator process one workpart at one workstation. o 2.加 中心不同的特点在于它能自动换刀。
Translating Skills 科技英语翻译方法与技巧 ——专业英语的词汇特点 一、构词法 1. 合成 o carbon steel o rust-resistance o by product o atomic weight o pick-me-up o foundryman o workshop o Shakeout o blow-out o burn on o no-bake 碳钢 防锈 副产物 相对原子质量 兴奋剂 铸造师 车间 落砂 停炉 机械粘砂 子硬的
2. o o o o o 转化 charge yield slow melt wear chill finish mould alloy 电荷 → 产率 → 慢的 → 溶液 → 磨耗 → 冷铁 → 光洁度 → 铸型 → 合金 → charge 充电 yield 生成 slow 减慢 to melt 融化 to wear 磨损 to chill 激冷 to finish 抛光 to mould 造型 to alloy 使成合金
3. 派生 派生法是通过对词根加上各种前缀和后缀来构成新词 的方法。在专业英语中词缀出现的频率远远高于其 他文体英语。例如,“烷烃”就是用前缀表示分子中 碳原子数加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成 "-ene"、"-yen"、"-ol"、"-al"、"-yl",则分别表 示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”等。 4. 混成 混成法是指将词语缩略以后合成新词语的方法。例 如: positron(positive+electron) 正电子 firex (fire+exeting+equipment) 灭火设 备
二、 词汇组成 1. 半专业词汇 2. 专业词汇 3. 书面非专业词
三、词汇缩略 1. 缩略词 o ROM — Read Only Memory 只读存储器 o RAM — Random Access Memory 随机 存取存储器 o Laser — Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation 激光
2. 截略词 o h, hr — hour 小时 o lab — laboratory 实验室 o Kg — kilogram 千克、公斤 o mix — mixture 混合物 o Met. — metal 金属 o rupt. — rupture 断裂 o gr. — graphite 石墨 o mach. — machinery 参考文献
3. 首字词 o EST — English for Science and Technology 科技英语 o laser — light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation 激光 o mp — melting point 熔点 o ppm — parts per million 百万分之一 o RE — rare earth 稀土(元素) o CE — carbon equipment 碳当量 o SEM — scanning electron microscope 扫描 电子显微镜
4. 缩写词 o et al. — and other 及其他 o etc. — etcetera 等等 o e. g. — for example 例如 o vs. — versus 对…… o via — by way of 经由 o i. e. — that is 即,就是 o cm — centimeter 厘米 o in. ex. — 全部,不省略
Reading Material Connecting Rods and Crankshaft p The Connecting Rods
o The Crankshaft
New Words and Phrases o o o squirt [skwə: t] crankshaft ['kræŋkʃɑ: ft] arrange [ə'reindʒ] crankpin ['kræŋkpɪn] diagonally[dai'ægənəli] inertia [i'nə: ʃiə] setscrew ['set, skru: ] adequately ['ædikwitli] 当的 tendency ['tendənsi] serrated ['seritid, səreitid] 的;锯齿的 thrust[θrʌst] proportion [prəu'pɔ: ʃən] v. 喷出 曲轴 v. 安排 曲柄销 ad. 倾斜地 n. 惯性,惯量,惰性 n. 固定螺钉 ad. 足够的,充分的,相 n. 倾向,趋势 a. 有锯齿的,锯齿状 n. 插,挤进,强迫 n. 比例
o o o o nickel ['nikəl] n. 镍 bearing ['bεəriŋ] n. 轴承 torque [tɔ: k] n. 力矩 finish ['finiʃ] v. 精加 connecting rod 连杆 the connecting rod big end 连杆大头 the connecting rod small end 连杆小头 crankshaft journal 曲轴轴颈 piston pin 活塞销 drive line 传动系 connecting rod shank 杆身 connecting rod cap 连杆盖 connecting rod bearing half shell 轴瓦
Unit 6 Text Machine Elements
New Words and Phrases o combination [kɔmbi'neiʃən] n. 组合, 结合 o individual [indi'vidjuəl] a. 单独的, 各个的, 个别的, 特 殊的 o component [kəm'pəunənt] n. 元件, 构件, 部件 o dismantle [dis'mæntl] vt. 分解(机器), 拆开, 拆卸 o nut [nʌt] n. 螺母 o spring [spriŋ] n. 弹簧, 板簧, 簧片; 弹力, 弹性 v. 弹 回, 弹跳 o gear [giə] n. 仪器, 装置;(机动车辆的)传动装置,排挡 齿轮 o bolt [bəult] n. 螺栓;(门、窗等的)插销 o cam [kæm] n. 凸轮, 偏心轮; 样板, 靠模, 仿形板 o lever ['li: vɚ] n. 杠杆, 控制杆, 操作杆 o shaft [ʃɑ: ft] n. 柱身; 连杆; 传动轴的旋转轴 o machinery [mə'ʃi: nəri] n. 机器
perform [pə'fɔ: m] n. 执行, 完成, 做 associate [ə'səuʃieit] n. 联合, 结合, 参加, 连带 key [ki: ] n. 键, 电键,开关;楔, 销; 钥匙 subassembly [ˌsʌbəˈsɛmbli] n. 组合件, 部件, 机组 coupling ['kʌpliŋ] n. 联轴节, 联轴器; 联结器,联合器 clutch [klʌtʃ] n. 离合器, 联轴器, 夹紧装置 fundamentally [ˌfʌndəˈmentlɪ] n. (从)根本上 hub [hʌb] n. 轮 rotate [rəu'teit] n. (使某物)旋转或转动 evolve [i'vɔlv] n. 进化, 演变; 开展, 发展, 展开 assemble [ə'sembl] n. 安装, 装配, 组合; 集合, 集中 n. 组件 o pulley ['puli] n. 滑轮(组); 滑车; 带轮 o o o
o o o rivet ['rivit] n. 铆钉 v. 铆接, 铆 weld [weld] n. 焊接, 熔焊 reliability [rɪˌlaɪəˈbɪlətɪ] n. 可靠性, 安全性, 准确性 estimate ['estimeit] n. 估计, 估算, 计算, 测定, 评价 x expectancy [iks'pektənsi] n. 期望, 预期 thoroughly ['θʌrəli] n. 完全地, 充分地, 彻底地 standardize['stændədaiz] n. 标准化, 统一标准; 标定, 校准 establish [i'stæbliʃ] n. 确定, 制定; 建立, 创办, 产生; 使固定 dimension [di'menʃən] n. 尺寸, 尺度; 范围, 方面 bushing ['buʃiŋ] n. 衬套; 轴衬; 轴瓦;[电](绝缘)套管 uniformity[ˌju: nɪˈfɔ: mətɪ] n. 均匀性, 一致性
o automotive [ɔ: tə'məutiv] n. 自动的, 自动车的 o crank [kræŋk] n. 曲轴 o refer to 指的是, 称为, 涉及, 关于 o capable of 能够做的 o combine with与……结合
Notes o [1]Thus, if a machine is completely dismantled, a collecting of simple parts remains such as nuts, bolts, springs gears, cams and shafts─ the building block of all machinery. 因此,如果把机床完全拆开,就可以得到像螺母、弹簧、齿轮、 凸轮及轴等简单零件 —— 所有机器的标准元件。 If 引导条件状语从句,表示“如果……” o [2]Sometimes certain elements are associated in paris 某些特定的元件必须完成对地 作。 be associaed in pairs: 成对地结合 又如:I associated with him in business. 我与他合伙经商。
o o [3]The most common example of a machine is a gear, which, fundamentally, is a combination of the wheel and the lever to form a toothed wheel. The rotation of this gear on a hub or shaft drivs other gear that may rotate faster or slower depending upon the number of teeth on the basic wheels. 机器零件中最常见的是齿轮,它实际上是有轮子和杆组成的带有齿的 轮子。在轴套或轴上旋转的齿轮驱动其他齿轮作加速或减速运动,这 取决于主动齿轮的齿数。 Which 引导非限定性定语从句,修饰gear, 不定式短语 to form a toothed wheel 作结果状语。分词短语depending upon作原因状语。 [4]The supporting structure may be assembled with bolts or rivets or by welding. 支撑可由螺栓或铆钉或通过焊接固定在一起。 be assembled with 由…… 安装, by welding作方式状语。
Exercises I. Answer the following questions according to the text. o 1. What is a machine element? o 2. Which is the most common machine element? o 3. What are other fundamental machine elements? o 4. Which machine elements are standardized in the automotive indystry?
II. Mark the following statements with T(true) or F(false) according to the text. o 1. Gears are used as building blocks for the construction of most devices, apparatus, and machinery. o 2. A pair of gears with different numbers of teeth will rotate at different speeds. o 3. Spur gears and bevel gears are different in their applications because their shapes are different. o 4. The most cpmmon machine element is the gear from which other fundamental machine elements have developed. o 5. A coupling is a machine element, which joins two shafts. o 6. All machine parts have been developed into standardized designs.
III. Choose the best answer according to the text. o 1. In paragraph 1 sentence 2, “these building blocks”refer to______. A. machine elements B. devices, apparatus, and machinery o 2. In paragraph 3 sentence 2, “it”refers to______. A. the brake B. a wheel C. the shaft o 3. In paragraph 3 sentence 4, “it” refers to______. A. the pulley B. the shaft C. the wheel o 4. In the last sentence op paragraph 3 “these machine elements” refer to______. A. bolts and rivets B. wheels, shafts, bearing, clutches, couplings, etc
IV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. o 1. The most common machine element is the gear, which combines the feature of the wheel and the lever to form a toothed wheel. o 2. The hardness of a gear determines its ability to resist wear. o 3. Manufacturing engineers have centered their efforts on the development of standardized elements. o 4. These parts are produced in large quantities with a high degree of perfection at reduced cost.
Translating Skills 科技英语翻译方法与技巧 ——专业英语词汇的构成 1. 派生词(derivation) (1)前缀
multi-多 hypler-超级 super-超级 multimedia多媒体 multiprocessor多处 理器 multiplex多路复用 multiprotocol多协议 hypercard超级 卡片 hypermedia超媒体 hypertext超文本 hyperswitch超级 交换 机 superpipline超流水线 d lead to a local laboor ban on construction. supermarket超级 市场 superset超集 inter-相互、在…间 micro-微型 tele-远 程的 interface接口 microprocessor微处 理器 telephone电话 interbusiness公司间 microkernel微内核 teletimmersion远 程实 景 interlock互[联 ]锁 microcode微代码 telemarketing电话营销 internet因特网 microkid微机码 telecommuting家庭办 公 nterconnection互联 microchannel微通道 teleconference远 程会议
multi, poly = many multimedia多媒体 , polytechnic多种科 技的 uni, mono = single unicode统 一代码 , monochrome单 色 bi, di = twice bicycle自行车 , diode二极管 equi, iso = equality等式, isograph等线图 simili, homo = same similarity相似性, homogeneous同样 的 semi, hemi =half semiconductor半导 体, emicycle半圆 形 hyper, super = over hypertext超文本superscalar超级标 量
(2)后缀 -able 可能的 -ware 件 (部件) -ity 性质 enable 允许 、使能 disable 禁止、不能 programmable 可编 程 portable 便携的 scalable 可升级 的 hardware 硬件 software 软 件 middleware中间 件 groupware 组 件 frreeware 赠 件 reliability 可靠性 availability 可用性 accountability 会计责 任 integrity 完整性 confidentialiy 保密性 -ify 使…化 -ward (s)方向 -ee动 作承受者 Web-ifying 网络 化 downwards 向下 employee 雇员 Client-ifying 客户 化 foreward 向前 examinee 应试 者
2. 复合词(compounding) -based 基于,以…为 基础 -centric 以…为 中心的 Windows-based 以Windows为 基础 的 credit-based 基于信誉的 file-based 基于文件的 cliient-centric 以客户为 中心的 user-centric 以用户为 中心的 host-centered 以主机为 中心的 -oriented 面向…的 -free 自由的,无关的 object-oriented 面向对 象的 market-oriented 市场导 向的 process-oriented 面向进 程的 user-oriented 面向用户 的 tax-free 免税的 jumper-free 无跳线 的 paper-free 无纸 的 charge-free 免费 的 info-信息,与信息有关的 e-电 子的 info-channel 信息通道 info-tree 信息树树 info-world 信息世界 info-sec 信息安全 e-commerce 电 子商务 e-business 电 子商业 e-logistics 电 子物流 e-book 电 子书 籍
doctom 互联 网络 公司 stakeholder 股东 marketplace 市场 website 网页 clickthrough 点击 Webcast 网络 造型 online 在线 onboard 在板 login 登录 logout 撤销 offline 离线 popup 弹 出
3. 混成词(blending) o Intremediary (inter+media+ary ) 中介 o Sysop (System+Operator)系统操作员 o Codec(coder +Operaator)编码译码器 o compuser (computer +user ) 计算机用户 o tanseiver (transmitter+receiver ) 收发机 o syscall (system +call ) 系统调用 o calputer (callcuater+computer) 计算机式电脑 o Brouter (Bridge Router) 路由网桥 o Infomercial (information +merchandise +ial ) 商业信 息
4. 缩略词(shortening) (1)压缩和省阅 o biz =business 商业 o lab = laboratoy 实验室 o math = mathmatices 数学 o iff = if only if 当且仅当 o E-zine = E-magazine 电子杂志 o ad = advertisement 广告 o Corp =Corporation 公司 o fiber = fiber optic 光纤 o Web = World Wide Web 环球网
(2)缩写(acronyn) 1)通常以小写字母出现,并作为常规单词。 o rodar (radio detecting and ranging)雷达 o laser (light amplification and ranging ) 激光 o sonar (sound navingation by stimulated emission of radiatdion) 声纳 o spool (simultaneous peripheral operation on line )假脱机
2)以大写字母出现,并作为常规单词。 o BASIC(beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Information Code ) o 初学者通用符号指令代码 o ASCII(American national Standard Code for Information Interchange) o 美国国家信息交换(用)标准(代)码 o COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) o 面向商务的通用语言 o NASDAQ(National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System) o 全国证券交易商动报价词系统协会
3)以大写字母出现,没有读音音节,仅为字母头缩写。 o EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)电子数据交换 o EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer)电子资金转换 o B 2 B(Business-to-Business)企业间 o B 2 C(Business-to-Consumer)企业与消费者间的 o B 2 G(Business-to-Consumer) 企业与政府间的 o C 2 C(Consumer-to-Government)消费者间的 o DNS(Domain Name Service)域名服务 o AOL(America on line)美国在线网络 o FAQ(Frequently Asked Question)常见问题解答 o LAN(local area network)局域网
o o o o WAN(Wide Area Network)广域网 ATM(Automated Teller Machine)自动出纳机 MBPS(Mega Byte Per Second )每节秒兆字节 Mbps(Mega Bits Per Second) 每节秒兆子位 CIO(Chief Information Official)高级信息管理人员 HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol)超文本传需协议 ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)企业资源计划编制 ODBC(Open Database Connectivity)开放式数据库连接性 ISDN(Interprise Servies Digital Network)综合业务数字网络 ADSL(Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop)非对称数字用户环 线 CRM(Customer Relationship Management)客户关系管理 ADE(Application Development Enironment)应用开发环境 DBMS(Data Base Management System)数据库管理系统
5. o o o o o 借用词 channel conflict 脱煤 platform平台 cache 高速缓存 domain 域 woofer低音喇 hacker黑客 virus 病毒(程序、软件) flag 标志、状态 gateway网关 semaphore 信号量 firewall防火墙 host主机 mailbomb邮件炸弹 scratch pad 高速缓存 server服务器 hub网络中心 surfing 网上冲浪 Windows视操作系统 Pentium奔腾处理器 Amazon著名网上 Intel因特尔公司
Reading Material Cast Iron
Now Words and Phrases o o o cast [kɑ: st] n.铸型,铸件;模子,模型 weldable ['weldəbl] a.可焊的 silicon ['silikən] n.[化]硅 carbide ['kɑ: baid] n.[化]碳化物;碳化钙 graphite ['ɡræfait] n.[化]石墨 flake [fleik] n.薄片,小片,火花 distribute [dis'tribju: t] v.分发;分布;散布;区分 ductility [dʌk'tiləti] n.延展性,韧性;可塑性,可锻性 compressive [kəm'presiv] a.有压力的;有压缩的 nodular ['nɔdjulə] a.(有)小节的;(有)结节的;[冶]榴 状的 microscopic [,maikrə'skɔpik] a.用显微镜方可见的;极微小 的 likewise ['laikwaiz] ad.同样地,照样地
o o o inoculate [i'nɔkjuleit] v.作预防注射,打预防针 magnesium [mæg'ni: zjəm] n.[化]镁 ladle ['leidl] n.长把勺 spherical ['sferikəl] a.球形的,球状的,球面的 tensile ['tensail a.拉力的;张力的;能拉长的 withstand [wið'stænd] v.承受住(某事物);抵住 jerk [dʒə: k] n.颠簸;震摇;急拉;急扭 malleable ['mæliəbl] a.(金属)有延展性的,韧性的 brittle ['britl] a.易碎的,脆弱的,易损坏的 anneal [ə'ni: l] vt.[冶]退火;焖火;韧炼 plumb [plʌm] vt.用铅垂测量;使垂直 vi.垂直 fixture ['fikstʃə] n.固定,固定状态;固定物, 件夹具
o sustain [səs'tein] vt.支撑,承受住; 蒙受,遭受,经受住 o ductility [dʌk'tiləti] n.延展性;韧性, 可塑性 o cast iron 铸铁 o nodular(graphite)cast iron [冶]球 墨铸铁 o plumbing fixtures 管道装置
Unit 7 Text Gear Mechanism Names and Symbols Of Different Gear Parts 1 2 3 4 5 number of teeth addendum circle, dedendum circle tooth thickness. The width of the keywall, teeth space reference circle tooth addendum, tooth dedendum, whole depth
Correct Meshing Conditions of the Involute Straight Tooth Column Gear
New Words and Phrases o o o o symbol ['simbəl] n. 符号,标志,象征 addendum[ə'dendəm]n. 齿轮的齿顶 gear [giə]n. 齿轮,传动装置 dedendum[di'dendəm]n. 齿轮的齿根 column['kɔləm]n. 柱,圆柱,柱形物 adjacent[ə'dʒeisnt]a. 毗连的,邻近的,接近的 keywall[ki: wɔ: l]n. 齿槽 external[eks'tə: nl]n. 外部a. 外部的,外用的 random['rændəm]a,任意的,随机的n. 随意,随机 internal[in'tə: nəl]a. 国内的,内部的 radius['reidiəs]n. 半径 circumference[sə'kʌmfərəns]n,圆周,周围 profile['prəufail]n. 轮廓
o o o formula['fɔ: mjulə]n. 公式 artificially[, ɑ: ti'fiʃəli]ad. 人 的,人为的 modulus['mɔdjuləs]n. 率,系数,模数 standard ['stændəd]a. 标准的 mesh[meʃ] v. 啮合 ipsilateral[ipsi'lætərəl]a. 同侧的,在同一侧的 involute['invəlju: t] n. 渐伸线,渐开线 moduli['mɔdʒə, lai]n. 模(模件,基本单位),模数该词为 modulus的复数形式 profile['prəufail] n. 轮廓 intersect[, intə'sekt]v. 贯穿,和……相交,交叉 transmission[træns'miʃən] n. 传输,传送 respectively[ri'spektivli]ad. 各自地,分别地
o o o ratio['reiʃəu]n. 比,比率 straighttooth 直齿 radial distance 径向距离 extemalgear 外齿轮 teeth space 齿距 intemal wheel 内齿轮 arc length 弧长 teeth bar 齿条 tooth profile 齿廓 addendum circle 齿顶圆 reference 分度圆
o o o dedendum circle 齿根圆 whole depth 全齿高 tooth addendum 齿顶高 tooth thickness 齿厚 tooth dedendum 齿根高 normal pitch 法向节距,法向齿距 transmission ratio 传动比 line segment 线段 contacting line 啮合线 intersecting points 交点 tooth pitch 齿距
Exercises Ⅰ. Answers the following questions according to the text. o 1. List the names of different gear parts. o 2. What is the keywall? o 3. What are the dedendum circles and addendum circles? How do you denote these? o 4. What is the relationship among the tooth addendum, the tooth dedendum and the whole depth?
Ⅱ. Match the words or phrases in column A with the explanations in column B. o A B o 1.symbol a. 全齿高 o 2. gear b. 内齿轮 o 3.whole depth c. 啮合线 o 4.straight tooth d. 传动比 o 5.external gear e. 符号 o 6.internal wheel f. 齿廓 o 7.keywall g. 齿厚 o 8.tooth thickness h. 法向节距,法向 齿距 o 9.radius i. 齿轮 o 10.modulus j. 外齿轮
o 11.mesh o 12.involute o 13.tooth profile o 14. ratio o 15. transmission ratio o 16. contacting line o 17. tooth pitch o 18. line segment o 19. normal pitch o 20. intersecting points k. 齿距 l. 齿槽 m. 比率 n. 啮合 o. 线段 p. 模数 q. 半径 r. 交点 s. 直齿 t. 渐开线
Translating Skills 科技英语翻译方法与技巧 ——专业英语词汇的翻译技巧 1. 确实吃透原文 2. 正确选择译词 3. 注意词的搭配 (1)主谓搭配 (2)谓语与宾语搭配 (3)形容词和中心词的搭配 (4)状语和谓语的搭配 词义的引伸
Reading Material Soldering and Welding
New Words and Phrases o o o solder ['sɔldə] n. 焊料,焊锡 v. (锡) 焊,焊接 brass [brɑ: s] n. 黄铜,黄铜制品 braze [breiz] vt. 用铜锌合金焊接 copper ['kɔpə] n. 铜,铜币;铜制物 a. 铜的 rivet ['rivit] n. 铆钉 vt 铆,铆接 molten ['məultən] a. 融化的,熔融的 bismuth ['bizməθ] n. 铋 cadmium ['kædmiəm] n. 镉 acid ['æsid] n. 酸 a. 酸的,酸味的 oxide ['ɔksaid] n. 氧化物 flux [flʌks] n. 焊剂,助焊剂 oxidation [, ɔksi'deiʃən] n. 氧化
o o o zinc [ziŋk] n. 锌 chloride ['klɔ: raid] n. 氯化物 ferrous ['ferəs] a. 含铁的,铁的 aluminum [ə'lju: minəm] n. 铝 stearin ['sti: ərin] n. [化] 硬脂精;硬脂=stearine vase-line['væsili: n] n. [化] 石油冻;矿脂;凡士林(商品名) fuse [fju: z] v. 熔(化),熔合 n. 保险丝,熔丝 soften ['sɔfən] v. 使软化;使柔和;变软弱 oxyacetylene [, ɔksiə'setili: n] a. [化]氧乙炔的 acetylene [ə'setili: n] n. [化] 乙炔 tank [tæŋk] n. (盛液体盛气体的) 大容器;槽;罐;坦克 torch [tɔ: tʃ] n. 火炬,火把;[机] 气炬;吹管
o furnace ['fə: nis] n. 炉子,熔炉;[冶]鼓 风炉,高炉 o two separate steel tanks 分别两个钢 制的储气瓶 o soldering iron 焊铁,烙铁 o ferrous and non-ferrous metals 黑色 及有色金属
Unit 8 Text Lathe
New Words and Phrases o o o o athe [leið] n. 车床, 具床 drill[dril] n. 钻头 v. 钻(孔) mill [mil] n. 铣刀, 铣床 v. 铣 fasten ['fɑ: sn] vi. 固定, 紧固 feed [fi: d] vt. 进给,送给 v. 走刀 cutter ['kʌtə] n. (切削) 刀具 clamp [klæmp] vt. 夹紧,夹住 n. 夹钳, 夹板 carriage ['kæridʒ] n. (机床) 溜板箱,拖板箱 mechanism ['mekənizəm] n. 机械装置;结构,构造 bed [bed] n. 床,(机床)床身 headstock ['hedstɔk] n. 头架, 主轴箱 tailstock ['teilstɔk] n. 尾架,尾座 slide [slaid] v. n. 滑动,滑板 metalwork ['metəlwə: k] n. 金属加 (制造) spindle ['spindl] n. 心轴,主轴 chuck [tʃʌk] n. 夹盘,夹具 v. 用(卡盘)夹紧
o wobble ['wɔbl]vi. 摇晃,摇摆 o jaw [dʒɔ: ] n. 卡爪,台虎钳牙 o align [ə'lain] v. 使成一条直线 o alignment [ə'lainmənt] n. 成直线 o micrometer [mai'krɔmitə] n. 测微器,千分尺,百分表 o live center 主轴顶尖, 活动顶尖 o tool post 刀具, 刀架 o dead center 尾座顶尖, 固定顶尖 o three aw universal chuck 三爪自定心卡盘 j o four aw independent chuck 四爪单动卡盘 j o machine tool 机床, 具机
Notes o o 1. A lathe is a machine tool for cutting metal from the surface of round work fastened between the two lathe centers and turning around its axis. 车床是一种机床,它用来切削装夹在车床顶尖并且绕轴旋转的圆形 件 表面的金属。 Cutting metal…turning around its axis 是动名词短语,跟介词for一 起构成后置定语,修饰machine tool, 其中fastened between the two lathe centers 是过去分词短语, turning around its axis 是现在分词短语, 二者作后置定语,修饰work。 2. In turning the work a cutter moves in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the work or at an angle to the axis, cutting off the metal from the surface of the work. 在 件旋转过程中,刀具以平行于 件旋转轴的方向或和旋转轴成一定 角度的方向运行,以切掉 件表面的金属。 本句是简单句,其中turning the work 是:动名词短语,与介词in 一 起构成时间状语;parallel to the axis of the work 是现在分词短语,作后 置定语,修饰direction; cutting off the metal from the surface of the work 是现在分词短语,充当伴随情况的状语。
o 3. The carriage in the mechanism feeding the cutter in the needed direction. 拖板是使刀具按需要方向进给的装置。 Feedingthe cutter in the needed direction 是现在分 词短语作后置定语修饰mechanism. o 4. The two lathe centers are mounted in two spindles: one(the live center)is held in the headstock spindle while the other(the dead center)in the tailstock spindle. 两个车床顶尖安装于两个主轴之中:一个(主轴顶尖)安 装在主轴箱,另一个(尾座顶尖)安装在尾座主轴内。 One…the other…表示特定范围内的两个,意为:一个… 另一个…; while 意为:“可是、而”,表示对比或对照。
o 5. The chuck, ususlly mounted on the headstock spindle, may be chucked in the so alled c three aw niversal chuck. allthe jaws of which are j u moved to the center by turning the screw. 卡盘(通常装在主轴箱主轴上面)可以装夹在所谓的三爪 自定心卡盘中,所有的爪卡都通过旋转螺杆朝中心运动。 Usually mounted… pindle 是过去分词短语,作后置定 语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句,省略了 which is,修饰 chuck。 three aw niversal 是复合形容词,充当定语,修饰 j u chuck。 Which引导定语从句,修饰three aw niversal j u chuck, which指代“chuck”。 turning the screw 是动名词短语,跟介词by一起构成方 式状语。
o 6. Before turning a work in the lathe, the lathe centers are to be aligned; that means that the axes of both centers must be on one line. 在旋转车窗里的 件之前,必须校直车床的两 个顶尖,这意味着要使两个顶尖位于同一水平线上。 本句为并列复合句。第二个分句为复合句,对 第一个分句起解释说明作用,其中一个that指代 Before…aligned,第二个that引导 宾语从句。
Exercises Ⅰ. Answer the following questions according to the text. o 1. What is a machine tool? o 2. Which machine tool is most widely used in metal working industry? o 3. How many work center are there on a lathe? o 4. Where is the dead center mounted? o 5. What is a chuck?
Ⅱ. Mark the following statements with T(true) or F(false) according to the text. o A lathe can be used to finish many kinds of machining operations. o A lathe mainly consists of a headstock, a tailstock and a tool post. o In a lathe, the gears between the spindle and the feed shaft control the speed of rotation of the shaft. o A lathe chuck is used to clamp a work iece can rotate p without wobbling while turning. o In turning, the two centers of a lathe must be on the same line. o All the work iece must be fastened between the two centers p of a lathe. o In a lathe, the cutter is clamped in the tool post and the tool is fixed on the tailstock.
Ⅲ. Choose the best answer according to the text. o 1. In a lathe, the movement of a cutter is called the_. o A. carriage B. feed C. gear D. jaw o 2. The_enables a lathe to run at various speeds. o A. gear box B. carriage C. bed D. chuck o 3. While turning, if the work iece is not perfectly p round, the_independent chuck should be used. o A. three aw j B. four aw j C. five aw D. two aw j j o 4. In a lathe, the headstock and tailstock are fastened on the bed at_ends. o A. the same B. opposite C. vertical D. horizontal
Ⅳ. Fill in the blanks with the words or expressions given in brackets. (gears and pulleys, feeding, four aw, left, short, alignment) j o 1. The headstock is mounted at the_end of the lathe. o 2. It contains the headstock spindle, which is rotated by gear or by a combination of_. o 3. But if the work is not perfectly round, the_independent chuck should be used. o 4. Thw carriage is the mechanism_the cutter in the needed direction. o 5. The_of the lathe centers may be tested by taking a cut and then measuring both ends of the cut with a micrometer. o 6. A_work may be turned without using the dead center, by simply chucking it properly at the spindle of the headstock.
Translating Skills 科技英语翻译方法与技巧 ——专业英语词汇的记忆技巧 1. 机械记忆 2. 触景生情(归类记忆 ) o (1)在电路中常用的词汇可以从电阻联想出 resistance 电阻 inductive reactance 感抗 conductance 电导 capacitance 电容 impedance 阻抗 capacitive reactance 容 抗 inductance 电感 capacitive susceptance 容纳
o (2)在计算机运算中可联想到各种运算操作和运算部件 addend 加数 divider 除数 product 乘积 subtrahend 减数 sum 和 quotient 商 multiple 倍数 difference 差 o (3)不同专业学术领域中类似的词汇含义 union 并 intersection 交 complement 补 or“或”操作 and“与”操作 not“非”操作 conjunction 合并 negation 否定
3. 顺藤摸瓜(象形记忆) adapt 适合 institute 学院 substitute 代替 adept 熟练 destitute 缺乏 adopt 采纳 constitute 组成 4. 举一反三
5. 相辅相成(正反义词记忆) o little ( a little ) 很少, 几乎没有 (有一些) o few ( a few ) 很少, 几乎没有 (有一些) o like ( unlike, dislike ) 相同, 喜欢, (不同, 不喜欢) o enable ( disable) 使能够(使失去能力) o able ( unable ) 能够的, 能干的 (不能的, 不会 的) o mount ( unmount ) 安装 (卸下) o charge ( discharge ) 充电, 充气、 装料 (放电, 放下, 卸下) o login ( logout ) 注册 (退出, 注销)
6. o o o o 灵活应用 to substitute A for B to substitute Bwith. A to substitute B by A A substitute B B be replaced A to replace B with A to replace B by A A replace B
Reading Material Spur and Helical Gears
New Words and Phrasee spur [spə: ] n. [建] 凸壁;支撑物 helical ['helikəl] a. 螺旋形的;螺旋线的 gear [giə] n. 齿轮,传动装置 v. 调整,(使)适合,换档 axis ['æksis] n. 轴,(几何)轴线,轴心线 axial ['æksiəl] a. 轴的,成轴的,轴向的 thrust:[θrʌst] n. [机]推力;侧向压力;插;猛推 shaft [ʃɑ: ft] n. 轴,杆状物 mate [meit] vt. 使配对,使一致,结伴 n. 配偶,对手,助 手 o thermal ['θə: məl] a. 热的,热量的 o o o o
o expansion [iks'pænʃən] n. 扩充,开展,膨胀,扩张物,辽 阔,浩瀚 o lubrication [ˌlu: brɪˈkeɪʃən] n. 润滑 o compensate ['kɔmpenseit] v. 偿还,补偿,付报酬 o inaccuracy [ɪnˈækjərəsi] n. 错误,误差 o manufacture [mænju'fæktʃə] vt. 制造,加 n. 制造,制 造业,产品 o backlsah ['bæklæʃ] n. 齿轮隙;反斜线();后座;后冲 o ratable ['reitəbl] a. 可评价的;可估价的;按比例的 o velocity [vi'lɔsiti] n. 速度;速率;迅速;周转率 o incline [in'klain] v. 使倾斜;赞同;喜爱 o transmission [træns'miʃən] n. 传动,传递;变速器;[讯] 发射;播送 o intersect [intə'sekt] vt. 横切;横断 vi. 交叉,相交
o pitch [pitʃ] n. (齿轮)节距 o eliminate [i'limineit] vt. 排除,消除 v. 除去 o split [split] v. 劈开,(使)裂开,分裂,分离 n. 裂开,裂 口,裂痕 o pinion ['pinjən] n. 小齿轮 o overlap ['əuvə'læp] v. (与某物)交叠,重叠,重合 o herringbone ['heriŋbəun] v. 交叉缝式,人字形 a. 人字行 的 v. (使)成箭尾形 o spur gear 正齿轮 o helical gear 斜齿轮 o vice versa 反之亦然
Unit 9 Text Dimensional Control
New Words and Phrases dimensional [di′menʃənəl] a. 尺度的,尺寸的 mating [′meitiŋ] n. 配合 mate [meit] n. 配合 bench [bentʃ] n. 钳 台 fitter [′fitə] n. 装配 , 钳 scrape [skreip] n. 刮削 preference [′prefərəns] n. 偏爱,优先选择 machinist [mə′ʃi: nist] n. 机械 , 机械师 literal [′litərəl] a. 完全按照原文的,照字面本义的 specification [spesifi′keiʃən] n. 规格, 规格说明;具体说 明,详述 o interchangeable [intə′tʃeindʒəbl] a. 可互换的,可交替的 o system [′sistəm] n. 系统; 组合装置 o o o o o
o fiddle [′fidl] v. 用小提琴演奏(曲调); 胡乱摆弄; 胡混 o draughtsman [′drɑ: ftsmən] n. 绘图员 o fit [fit] v. n. 配合 o specify [′spesifai] v. 明确规定,评述,确切说明 o elapse [i′læps] v. (时间)过去,消逝 o tolerance [′tɔlərəns] n. 容忍,宽容;公差,容许偏差 o proclaim [prəu′kleim] v. 宣告,声明,显示 o virtually [′və: tʃuəli] ad. 事实上,实际上 o unilateral [juni′lætərəl] a. 单方面的, 单方面做出的; 单边的 o bilateral [bai′lætərəl] a. 有双边的,两边的
o datum [′deitəm] n. 论据,资料 o magnitude [′mæɡnitju: d] n. (通常指大的)量,大小, 重要性 o dimensional control 尺寸控制 o clearance fit 间隙配合 o Interference fit 过盈配合 o transition fit 过渡配合 o nominal diameter 公称直径 o unilateral limits 单边极限 o bilateral limits 双边极限 o hole-based system 基孔制 o shaft-based system 基轴制 o ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 国际标准化组织
Notes o o 1. In the early days of engineer, the mating of parts was achieved by machining one part as nearly as possible to the required size, machining the mating part nearly to size, and then completing this machining, continually offering the other part to it, until the desired relationship was obtained. 在早期的 程(问题)中,获得配合零件的方法是,首先尽可能 把一个零件加 到所需尺寸,然后将与它配合的零件加 到接近所需 尺寸,再不断将这两个零件试配,进一步加 直至获得所需配合的尺 寸。 此句中,by后面跟了四个并列成分:machining one part。。。 , machining the mating part。。。completing。。。及offering 。。。可翻译成“先。。。。。。然后。。。。。。再。。。。。。进 一步。。。。。。”。 2. When one part can be used ‘off the shelf’to replace another of the same dimension and material specification, the parts are said to be interchangeable. 当一个零件从货架上拿来就可以替换同样材料规格的另一个零件 时,就说这种零件是可互换的。
o 3. it is virtually impossible to manufacture a part without error, or in the rare event of a part being without error, 。。。 事实上,零件不可能毫无误差地制造出来,或者说没有误 差的零件是罕见的。 o 4. For a given grade of tolerance, the actual tolerance must be increased with size. The tolerance should be as large as possible, to keep the cost to a minimum. 对于给定级别的的公差,实际公差须随着尺寸的增大而增大。 公差应尽可能取大为使加 成本最小。 o 5. the permitted tolerance depends upon the type of operation involved, but local preference must also be taken into account. 许用公差主要取决于所用操作的类型,但也必须考虑本国 的优先级。
o 6. when a diameter is being ground, the machinist would prefer to aim at the largest size permitted, so that, in the event of his reaching a diamerer that is just s little larger than the maximum size permited, he can take another cut, knowing that he can use up the whole of the tolerance before the job is rejected. 当直径要圆整时,机械 更愿意向最大允许尺寸圆整,这 样,当他加 到所得直径尺寸略大于最大允许尺寸,还可以在 整个公差范围内再切一次,而知道不会因此使产品报废。 这里ground意思是“圆整”,prefer to意为“更喜欢,更愿 意”,aim at是“朝着”的意思。
o 7. The machine operator may position the hole nearer the datum or further from the datum than intended, and as the operator is in no position to change the situation when the hole has been started, he must aim between the limits of position, so that the maximum error can be made without causing the part to be rejected 7. 机床操作人员可能将孔的位置定得较接近或远离所需数据, 而且,当孔的加 已经开始,操作人员不可能改变孔的位置, 他必须在尺寸位置限度内加 ,以便在最大误差时不会是零件 成为废品。 本句为并列复合句。and前面的分句是简单句,后面的分句 是复合句,as引导原因状语从句,其中包含一个when引导的 时间状语从句,he must aim 是第二个分句的主干,so that 引导目的状语从句。
Exercises Ⅰ. Translate the following into Chinese. o 1. tolerance and limits of size 2. a system of interchangeability o 3. dimensional errors 4. the maximun errors permitted o 5. Unilateral limits 6. bilateral limits o 7. clearance fit 8. interference fit o 9. shaft-based system 10. hole-based system
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks with proper words or phrases according to the text. o 1. The difference between the largest and the smallest size is called the _______. o 2. For a given grade oftolerance, the actualtplerance must be _______ with size. o 3. When the limits of size of both the hole and the shaft are such that shaft is always smaller than the hole, the fit is said to be a _______fit. o 4. The fit between clearance fit and interferencefit is a _______ fit. o 5. When a standard shaft and a mating part whose size is langer or smaller than the hole is used to obtain the variation fit, it is said to be _______ system.
Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the words given in the brackets. (specify, hole-based, specification, indicate, designate ) Either a shaft-based system or a _______system may be used. For any given basic size, a range of tolerances and deciations may be _______with respect to the line of zero deviation, called the zero line. The tolerance is a function of the basic size that is _______ by a number of symbols, called the glade-thus the tolerance grade. The position of the tolerance with respect to the zero line also a function of the basic size-is _______ by a letter symbol ( or two letters ) a capital letter for holes and a lowercase letter for shaft. The _______ for a hole and shaft having a basic size of 45 mm might be 45 H 8/g 7.
Translating Skills 科技英语翻译方法与技巧——词的增译 一、用汉语动词补充英语名词、动名词或介词的意义,使译文通顺 o 1.The world needn, t be afraid of a possible shortage of coal,oil,natural gas or other sources of fuel for the future. 世界无需担心将来可能出现煤、石油、天然气、或其他燃料来 源短缺的问题。 o 2.Such a feat requires a perfect adjustment and timing of all the apparatus employed. 要做到这一点,需要所用设备的控制和定时准确无误。 o 3.The molecules get closer and closer with the pressure. 随着压力增加,分子越来越接近。
二、在表达动作意义的英语名词后增添汉语名词 o 1.This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electronic computer. 这种在甚低温中金属没有电阻的现象,可能对电子 计算机很有作用。 o 2.Other flight going past Venus, and Mars, are planed. 经过金星的,还有经过火星的其他飞行方案也计划 出来了。
三、增加表示名词复数的词 o 1.The moving parts of a machine are often oiled that friction may be greatly reduced. 机器的各个可动部件加注润滑油,以便大大减少摩擦。 o 2.The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes and other components and this made e-quipment very large and bulky. 第一代电子计算机使用电子管和其他元件,这使设备又大又笨。 o 3.Ground radar sets can “see” enemy planes at great distance through darkness or clouds, and can direct antiaircraft fire at them. 地面雷达装置可以透过夜幕或云层,“看到”遥远的敌机群,并 指示高射兵器向它们开火。
o o o 四、增加某些被动语态或动名词中没有具体指出的动作执行者 或暗含的逻辑主语 1.The material is said to behave elastically. 我们说,这种材料具有弹性。 2.To explore the moon, s surface, rockets were launched again and again. 为了勘探月球的表面,人们一次又一次地发射火箭。 五、在形容词前加名词 1.According to Newton, s Third Law of Motion action and reaction are equal and opposite. 根据牛顿运动第三规律,作用力和反作用力是大小相等方向相 反的。 2.The washing machine of this type is indeed cheap and fine. 这种类型的洗衣机真是物美价廉。
o o o 六、增加表示数量意义的概括型的词,起修饰润色作用 1.The frequency, wavelength and speed of sound are closely related. 声音的频率、波长与速度三者密切相关。 2.A designer must have a good foundation in statics, kinematis dynamics and strength of ma-terials. 一个设计人员必须在静力学、运动学、动力学和材料力学这四个方面 有很好的基础。 七.增加使译文语气连贯的词 1.Manganese is a hard, brittle, gray-white metal. 锰是一种灰白的、又硬又脆的金属。 2.In general, all the metals are good conductors, with silver the best and copper the second. 一般来说,金属都是良导体,其中银最佳,铜次之。 3.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 阅读使人充实;会谈使人敏捷;写作使人精确。
Reading Material Jig Borer
New Words and Phrases o o o jig [dʒig] n. 夹具;样板;装配架 borer ['bɔ: rə] n. [机] 镗床;镗孔刀具 vertical ['və: tikəl] a. 垂直的;直立的;竖式的 n. 垂直线 dimension [di'menʃən] n. 尺寸,尺度;线度;[复] 面积; 容器 clamp [klæmp] n. 夹钳,夹子 vt. (用夹钳)夹住,夹紧 precision [pri'siʒən] n. 精确(性),精密,精密度 a. 精 密的 longitudinal ['lɔndʒi'tju: dinəl] a. 经度的;纵的,纵向的 transverse [træns'və: s] a. 横向的;横断的;横截的 optical ['ɔptikəl] a. 视觉的;光学的;有助视力的 drill press 钻床 vertical milling machine 立体铣床