Paed Dr Jana Javorčíková Ph D lectures seminars

Paed. Dr. Jana Javorčíková, Ph. D. (lectures, seminars)

INTRODUCTION TO CANADIAN STUDIES

First inquisitive question: Why should we study Canadian Studies?

CANADA VS. EUROPEAN UNION What do they have in common? CANADA EUROPEAN UNION consists of several autonomous territories Formed in 1957 Has common currency Has the Lisbon treaty for the Constitution (signed in 2004) Federation, parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy Competes with the USA Has problems with minorities

CANADA VS. EUROPEAN UNION What do they have in common? CANADA EUROPEAN UNION consists of several autonomous territories (10 + 3) Consists of several autonomous territiories (27) Formed in 1867, July 1 (4 provinces) Formed in 1957 Has common currency Has both written and unwritten Constitution Has the Lisbon treaty for the Constitution (signed in 2004) Elisabeth II, represented by the viceroy – Governor General is in the head The President is in the head Federation, parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy Competes with the USA? Competes with the USA Has problems with minorities?

Week 1 CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY 10 provinces and 3 territories: 1. Quebec 2. Ontario 3. Manitoba 4. Saskatchewan 5. Alberta 6. British Columbia 7. New Brunswick 8. Prince Edward Island 9. Nova Scotia 10. Newfoundland, Labrador Northwest Territories, Yukon, Nunavut

Week 1 CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

PARAPHERNALIA OF SOME PROVINCES ONTARIO: most industrial, developed, touristy, prosperous Horseshoe Falls, Ontario, Niagara Toronto, The CN Tower

PARAPHERNALIA OF SOME PROVINCES QUEBEC: 2 nd largest, most populated province, francophone population, English is coequal in courts only MONTREAL CHATEAU FRONTENAC

PARAPHERNALIA OF SOME PROVINCES NEWFOUNDLAND and LABRADOR translation of Latin Terra Nova Lavrador = “landholder“ THE FIRST STAMP FEATURING MINING

PARAPHERNALIA OF SOME PROVINCES SASKATCHEWAN – prairie province REGINA, THE CAPITAL

PARAPHERNALIA OF SOME PROVINCES MANITOBA – refers to Manitou (spirit), has the shortest river connection with Asia Winnipeg’s Portage Avenue June 22, 2007

PARAPHERNALIA OF SOME PROVINCES NEW BRUNSWICK, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, NOVA SCOTIA HALIFAX CONFEDERATION BRIDGE BOARDWALK ON PEI

CANADIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY - SYMBOLS OF CANADA

SYMBOLS OF CANADA. 1. 2. 3. 7. 6. 5. 8. 9. 10. 4. 11.

SYMBOLS OF CANADA. - National emblem of Canada, - Symbol on national flag since 1965

SYMBOLS OF CANADA. RCMP – Royal Canadian Mountain Police Known as “Mounties“ Created against whisky traders

SYMBOLS OF CANADA. Canadian goose loonie beaver Canadian lynx

SYMBOLS OF CANADA. Maple syrup The Native Americans were the first to recognize the sap as a source of energy and nutrition. They would use their tomahawks to make V-shaped incisions in the trees. Then, they would insert reeds or concave pieces of bark to run the sap into buckets made from birch bark. Due to the lack of proper equipment, the sap was slightly concentrated either by throwing hot stones in the bucket, or by leaving it overnight and disposing with the layer of ice out which had formed on top. It was drunk as a sweet drink or used in cooking. It is possible that maple-cured bacon began with this process.

SYMBOLS OF CANADA. Aboriginal peoples of America* Indians of North America * Which of these are politically correct? Native Americans * Indians * Inuits * Metis * “Status“ people * vs. “Nonstatus“ people * First Nations

SYMBOLS OF CANADA. Canadian ice hockey The word "hockey" is probably derived from the French hoquet ("shepherd's crook"), referring to the shape of the stick. It originated in 1875 when a student Mc. Gill First established a set of rules for the game.

SYMBOLS OF CANADA. The Queen

CANADIAN SOCIETY – ETHNIC COMPOSITION – MULTICULTURALISM – DISCRIMINATION

One of the most attractive countries for immigrants “It is wealthy in resources, rich in talent, secure in strong democratic traditions, renowned as a peacekeeper and prized as a land of opportunity for prospective immigrants. ” (C. Lewitt: The Morality of Race in Canada [3]).

CANADA – POPULATION 2001 census: Total population of Canada: 30, 689, 035 2003 census: 31, 676, 077 2005 census: 32, 299, 496 2007 census: 32, 976, 026 Total immigrant population of 5, 448, 480. l

CANADA – ETHNIC COMPOSITION 2007 census: 32, 976, 026 Immigrant population 5, 448, 480. The immigrant population from the United Kingdom: 606, 000 immigrants; however, most of them came prior to the 1980’s [4]. Invisible minority The biggest immigrant populations from: Eastern Asia (730, 6000); Southern Europe (715, 370); Southern Asia (503, 895); South-east Asia (469, 105); West-central Asia and The Middle East (285, 585); Central and South America (304, 650); The Caribbean and Bermuda (294, 050), Africa (282, 600). Visible minorities

REASONS FOR POPULARITY OF CANADA Canada, for those groups of European origin, has traditionally been more tolerant of the continued expression of cultural differences among diverse groups” (Marger, 456). The Canadian Human Rights Act protects anyone living in Canada against discrimination: “…it is against the law for any employer or provider of a service that falls within federal jurisdiction to discriminate on the basis of race, nationality or ethnic origin, color, religion, age, sex (including pregnancy or childbearing), sexual orientation, marital status, family status, physical or mental disability (including dependence on alcohol and drugs) and pardoned criminal conviction” [5].

REASONS FOR POPULARITY OF CANADA According to the Ethnic Diversity Survey (2002), the vast majority of Canadians (86%) aged 15 years and older, said they had not experienced discrimination or unfair treatment in Canada because of their ethno-cultural background during the previous five years (18). [6].

POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS: l. OPTIMISTIC: Discrimination ceased to exist l. PESSIMISTIC: Discrimination has mutated into less obvious, subtle, more dangerous forms, including housing and job discrimination, promotion restrictions, greater law enforcement surveillance of visible minorities.

DISCRIMINATION IN CANADA: l According to the Ethnic Diversity Survey, both visible and invisible minorities encountered some forms of discrimination: “About 20% of visible minorities or 587, 000 people, said they had sometimes or often experienced discrimination or unfair treatment during the previous five years because of their ethnicity, culture, race, color, language, accent or religion. l An additional 15% of visible minorities reported such treatment occurring rarely (18). l

FORMS OF INDIRECT DISCRIMINATION l “SMILING DISCRIMINATION“ OR “SMILING FACE RACISM“: “The covert type [when] persons making covert, racially biased decisions do not explicitly broadcast their intentions; instead, they veil them or provide reasons that society will find more palatable. ” (Scheurich – Young, 1997, 5). l l “SUBTLE RACISM“ “AVERSIVE RACISM“

FORMS OF “SMILING DISCTRIMINATION“ Illustration from short story: The Open Car (Thomas King, 1999) Routine border control: l l l “Citizenship? ” “Canadian. ” “Where are you going? ” “New York” ‘Have a nice day, ’” (the guard) said. (King, 1999, 62).

“Smiling discrimination“ Border control: The very same friendly scene was repeated with other travelers. However, this was not the case of a young, Caribbean looking youth, sitting in the same car: One of the guards began asking the man a series of questions – where he was from, where he was going, how long he was going to stay. And more questions. Did he have any cigarettes. Any liquor. Any drugs. How much money he was carrying. The guard asked the man about marijuana several times, each time hooking his lips around his fingers and sucking on an imaginary joint with practiced ease to demonstrate exactly what they were looking for. […] ‘Get your bags and identification’, the guard told the man, ‘and see immigration in the open car’” (King, 1999, 61 -62).

Maxims of “Smiling Discrimination“ l (1) unfounded different and (usually worse) treatment, l (2) multiple interpretations of the situation, l (3) socially acceptable reasons for one’s actions, l (4) the consequent absence of the legal punishment.

(1) unfounded different and (usually worse) treatment l Minor inconvenience (subject to more questions) l Discriminatory attitude (lack of a polite form when requesting the person to move) l Humiliating gestures (imitation of smoking marihuana, drug-pusher’s jargon)

(2) multiple interpretations of the situation relatively trivial hassles, such as l being seated or served last in restaurants, double verifying of credit cards or larger bills, obvious pointing out of the price of more expensive goods; l underestimating of the value of one’s property, education or experience. Derek Wilkinson: Responding to Discrimination: l Influences of Respondent Gender, Target Race and Target Gender (2000),

“Smiling Discrimination“ What can we do to prevent it? (1) name the enemy; (2) enact laws protecting minorities

(1) name the enemy “smiling discrimination” lacks a single, easy to understand the term, which would serve as an umbrella for all possible form of concealed discrimination. l “smiling racism”, “quiet racism” (Scheurich, Younge, Codjoe), l “color-blind racism” (Bonilla-Da Silva, 14), l “modern racism” (Waller, 120), as opposed to old-fashioned racism (Waller, 120). l

(2) enact laws protecting minorities In 1971, the federal government, lead by Prime Minister Trudeau, announced a policy of “multiculturalism within a bilingual framework” (Marger, 488). l In 1977, it declared its commitment to a multicultural policy and a rejection of “explicit racism” (Marger, 482). l An even stronger commitment to the policy was made in 1988 when Canada became the first country to enact a multicultural law (Marger, 488). l

(2) enact laws protecting minorities Fair housing: action has been taken to adopt a similar fair-housing policy as the USA has. l The US Fair Housing Act, Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act, outlawed any form of housing discrimination on the basis of l race, l gender, l origin or ethnicity, l religion, l handicap, l family status. l Moreover, based on the American model, the Ontarian Human Rights Code protects its citizens in fifteen areas, including sexual orientation and HIV/AIDs disease [8].

Discrimination in Literature Chan, Marty: Mom, Dad, I´m Living with a White Girl Rylski, Nika: Just a Commedia Varma, Rahul: No Man´s Land Longfield, Kevin: Going Down the River

For it is the treatment of the powerless and not the powerful that is a sign of a developed and civilized society.

Works Cited: Best, S. Would I Toss a Brick Through a Window? Toronto: The Globe and Mail, 8 May 1992. Bain, Colin M. Canadian Society – a Changing Tapestry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. l Bonilla-Silva, E. The Strange Enigma of Racism in Contemporary America. In: The Touchstone, Vol. XI, No. 2, Apr. /May 2000. l Codjoe, H. M. Can Blacks be Racist? In: Pens of Many Colours. Eva C. Karpinski (ed. ) Scarborough: Thomson. Nelson, 2002. l King, T. The Open Car. In: The True North. (ed. ) Macdonald, J. Harlow: Longman, 1999. l

CANADIAN LITERATURE – ISSUES, AUTHORS

Canadian climatic regions l.

CANADIAN CLIMATE AND TOPOGRAPHY Part of the Canadian mainland most of the Arctic Archipelago fall within the Frigid Zone; l the remainder of the country lies in the northern half of the North Temperate Zone. l climatic conditions range from the extreme cold characteristic of the Arctic regions to the moderate temperatures of more southerly latitudes. l

Canadian climate l In the Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island), extremes of winter cold and summer heat are modified by oceanic influences, which also cause considerable fog and precipitation. l Along the western coast, which is under the influence of warm ocean currents and moisture-laden winds, mild summers and winters, high humidity, and abundant precipitation are characteristic. In the Cordilleran region the higher western slopes of certain uplifts, particularly the Selkirks and the Rockies, receive sizable amounts of rain and snow, but the eastern slopes and the central plateau region are extremely arid. l A feature of the Cordilleran region is the chinook, a warm, dry westerly wind that substantially ameliorates winter conditions in the Rocky Mountain foothills and adjoining plains, often causing great daily changes. l "Canada, " Microsoft (R) Encarta. Copyright (c) 1994 Microsoft Corporation. Copyright (c) 1994 Funk & Wagnall's Corporation. MAP BY ENVIRONMENT CANADA, 2000 http: //www. canadainfolink. ca/climate. htm

CANADIAN WEATHER TODAY.

Canadian winter .

CANADIAN WINTER. While freezing rain is not an uncommon Canadian experience, the ice storm that hit eastern Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick was exceptional. Ice Storm'98 http: //www. msc. ec. gc. ca/media/icestorm 98_the_worst_e. cfm

ICE STORM IN 1998 l at least 25 deaths, many from hypothermia. l about 900, 000 households without power in Quebec; 100, 000 in Ontario. l about 100, 000 people took refuge in shelters l residents were urged to boil water for 24 to 48 hours. l airlines and railway discouraged travel into the area l 14, 000 troops (including 2, 300 reservists) deployed to help with clean up, evacuation and security. l millions of residents forced into mobile living, visiting family to shower and share a meal or moving in temporarily with a friend or into a shelter. l prolonged freezing rain brought down millions of trees, 120, 000 km of power lines and telephone cables, 130 major transmission towers each worth $100, 000 and about 30, 000 wooden utility poles costing $3000 each

James Sinclair Ross l (January 22, 1908 - February 29, 1996) l Author of Canadian prairie fiction l Ross was born on a homestead near Shellbrook, Saskatchewan. l At the age of seven, his parents separated, and he lived with his mother on a number of different farms during his childhood, going to a school in Indian Head, Saskatchewan. l He is best known for his first novel, As For Me and My House (1941), set in an isolated town in the Prairies during the Great Depression.

CANADIAN LITERATURE – HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

CANADIAN LITERATURE French-Canadian literature Literature English-Canadian 1778 – Gazette Littéraire 1752 – Halifax Gazette Conditions for distinctive Canadian literature: Pernament settlements – land habitable l Literacy, means of printing and publishing literature l Conscioussness of themselves l

FRENCH CANADIAN LITERATURE Poetry: 1 st Generation : Topics: landscape, national identity, history l Joseph Quesnel (1779 -1809) l Francois Xavier Garneay (1845 -1848): L’Histoire du Canada l Octave Crémazie (1827 – 1879): Romanticist Poetry: 2 nd Generation: Topics: Patriotism l Louis Fréchette (1838 -1908): Les fleurs bóreales, La légende d’un peuple Émile Nelligan (1879 -1941) Albert Lozeau (1878 -1924): L’ame solitaire. Early prose: inspired by Corneille, Rousseau l 1 st novel: Philipe Aubert de Gaspé: Le Chercheur de Trésor. . . l Realism: Marie Chapdelain (1913): l l

ENGLISH CANADIAN LITERATURE l Tell Tale: Thomas Haliburton (1796 -1865): The l Short stories: Topics: Canadian winter, climate (Susana Moodie, S. Ross), Indians, (Hugh Garner)Criticism of the Yankees, Americanisation (1980’s). Clockmaker or Sayings and doings of Samuel Slick 1 st writings: Susana Moodie: Roughing it in the Bush l Catherine Parr Trail: Female Trials l

ENGLISH CANADIAN LITERATURE Significant milestone: Declaration of Independence in the USA l l l Frederic Philip Grove (1871 -1948): Snow John Ross, Sinclair Ross (*1908): The Painted Door Hugh Garner (*1913): One, Two, three Little Indians Mordechai Richler (*1931): Benny, the War in Europe. . . Alice Munro (*1931): The Time of Death, Open Secrets Novelists: l Lucy Maude Montgomery (1874 -1942): Anne of Green Gables l Mazo de la Roche (1885 -1942): Jalna l Margaret Atwood: Handmaid’s Tale, Robber Bride l Michael Ondaatje: English Patient l Joy Kogawa, Bhrati Mukhrjee

CANADIAN POLITICS

THE CANADIAN POLITICAL HISTORY l March 29, 1867–THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT “Constitution” the federal state of Canada founded; status of a dominion with an independent government; but: foreign policy, and army controlled in GB

THE CANADIAN POLITICAL HISTORY - TENDENCIES TOWARD AUTONOMY July 1, 1867–CANADIAN DAY 1920’s–TENDENCIES TOWARD AUTONOMY 1926–BALFOURT’S DECLARATION equality; independence from GB 1931–THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS 1941–Canadian citizens ceased to be British subjects 1949–NEWFOUNDLAND JOINED CANADA 10 provinces and 2 territories

THE CANADIAN POLITICAL HISTORY - SEPARATIONISTS 1970’s–Separatist tendencies in Quebec 1967 -69 – Parti Québecois 1980–REFERENDUM on SEPARATION OF QUEBEC 1981–NEW CONSTITUTION (ratified 1982)

CANADIAN PARAPHERNALIA l CAPITAL

THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT The head of the state: ___________ ↓ Represented by: _____________ organises the meeting of the Parliament appoints the Prime Minister ↓ Who controls: _____________ __ -who represent provinces

3 BRANCHES OF THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT Legislative: – the Federal Parliament comprises the Head of the State House of Commons Senate Executive: : – the federal government (ministers = MP’s) 30 -35 members usually 25 ministries Jurisdiction: – Supreme Court of Canada Federal Court of Canada Superior Provincial Courts County District Courts Magistrate Courts

THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT - PARTIES Queen’s Privy Council for Canada (*1867) Political parties: Liberal Party of Canada vs. Progressive Conservative Party

CANADIAN ETHNIC COMPOSITION CANADIAN “INDIANS“

Aboriginal peoples of America* Indians of North America * Which of these are politically correct? l l l l Native Americans * English-speaking non-native Americans * Indians * Inuits * Metis * “Status“ people * “Nonstatus“ people * First Nations[1]

ETHNIC STEREOTYPES AND HALF-TRUTHS - Identify T – F l Indians were caled the „redskins“ because their skin was red. l LIAISONS: Indians were polygamous. l ORGANISATIONS: Indians were organised into “associations“ according to their age. l DIET: Indians ate the meat of buffalos and never drank alcohol. They have never used cutlery. l CLOTHING: Furs were the main source for Indian clothing. l TOOLS: Indians used boomerangs, harpoons and iron fishing hooks.

ETHNIC STEREOTYPES AND HALF-TRUTHS - Identify T – F l l l FARMING: Indian farming was based on corn, squash, beans and potatoes. TRANSPORTATION: Indians have never invented the wheel. RELIGION: Indian games and songs always had religious character. LEADERSHIP: Indians had different chiefs durnig war and peace. WARFARE: Indians fought for scalps, horses and women. CULTURE: Indians had no money, no alphabet, no literature and no arts.

l l l The four sacred medecines (usually carried in Medecine Pouches): Sweetgrass – used to purify and cleanse our spiritual self. Burnt usually at the beginning of ceremonies. Tied into three strands that make up a braid which represents fire, water and earth, the family: father, mother and child and also body, mind and spirit. Tobacco – offered before communicating with the Creator. Also used as an offering to the ELDER when asking information or assistance. Sage – is used as smudge when purifying ourselves and our bundles before participating in a ceremony or communicating with the creator. Cedar – is burned while praying. The prayers rise with the smoke and is carried to the Creator. I tis used to purify one’s body from desease and a protection from

l l l l Algonquian, most populous and widely distributed of the Native North American linguistic stocks, originally comprising several hundred tribes who spoke nearly 50 related languages. The Algonquian people occupied most of the Canadian region south of Hudson Bay between the Rocky Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean and that section of what is now the United States extending northwards from North Carolina and Tennessee. Cree, Native American people of the Algonquian language family, and of the Subarctic culture area. They were originally a forest people, hunting rabbits, deer, beavers, caribou, moose, and bears in the Manitoba forests. In times of game shortages and ensuing famine, they practised cannibalism. The Cree traded pelts with the early French and English fur traders of the region. Ojibwa or Chippewa, Native American people, of the Algonquian language family and of the Eastern Woodlands culture area. Their extensive territory reached into southern Canada between Lake Huron and the Turtle Mountains in North Dakota. According to Ojibwa tradition, the people originally emigrated from the region of the River St Lawrence in the east, in company with the related Ottawa and Potawatomi peoples. The three peoples separated at what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan, the Ojibwa spreading west along both shores of Lake Superior, while the two other groups went south. The Ojibwa were scattered over a vast area. They were made up of a large number of bands divided into permanent clans. Originally, the clans were divided into five phratries, or groups, from which more than 20 clans developed. One of the clans claimed the hereditary chieftainship of the entire people; another claimed precedence in the councils of war. The economy of the Ojibwa was based chiefly on hunting, fishing, farming, and the gathering of wild fruits and seeds, particularly the abundant wild rice; they also made sugar from maple syrup. Their houses were built on pole frames in a wigwam shape and were usually covered with birchbark. Birchbark sheets were also used for keeping simple pictographic records of Ojibwa affairs. Ojibwa mythology was elaborate; the chief religious and superstitious rites centred on the Medewiwin, or grand medicine society. Blackfoot, a closely related confederacy of Native-American peoples of Algonquian linguistic stock, who roamed the northern Plains region between the upper Missouri and Saskatchewan rivers. The confederacy is also called Blackfeet. The Blackfoot consist of three distinct divisions: the Siksika or Blackfoot proper, the Kainah or Bloods, and the Piegan. Originally from Saskatchewan, in the mid-18 th century they drifted into the Montana area in search of buffalo. By the mid-19 th century, at the peak of their power, they controlled a vast territory. The Blackfoot were expert horseback riders, noted buffalo hunters, and renowned warriors. They were feared by other Nativeterritory. The American groups and were frequently at war with their neighbours, the Cree, Sioux, Crow, and other peoples. In times of war the three Blackfoot divisions united to defend their lands. A nomadic people, the Blackfoot lived in tepees in villages that were easy to dismantle. They were divided into several bands, each led by its chief. These bands assembled in summer for social and religious ceremonies. Except for growing tobacco, the Blackfoot did not farm; their culture and economy were thus essentially typical of those of the Plains peoples. While the men made weapons and hunted, the women tended the home, cared for the children, and gathered wild plants for food. The Blackfoot practised polygamy, and a prosperous warrior might have several wives. [2] plants for food. The Blackfoot practised polygamy, and a prosperous warrior might have several wives. Iroquois, powerful confederacy of Native Americans of the Iroquoian language family and of the Eastern Woodlands culture area. It was founded in the 16 th century in what is now central New York State. The original confederacy consisted of five peoples—the Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, Oneida, and Seneca—and was known as the Five Nations, or the League of Five Nations. At some date between 1715 and 1722, however, the Tuscaroras, an Iroquoian people originally of North Carolina, which had migrated to New York, was formally admitted to the confederacy, and the name of the league was changed to the Six Nations, or the League of Six Nations. As representative members of the Iroquoian family, and the ones first encountered and later most intensively studied by European Americans, the Iroquois gave their name to the family of which they are a part. The Iroquois had an agricultural economy, based mainly on corn, with supplementary crops of pumpkins, beans, and tobacco, and later of orchard fruits such as apples and peaches. They made fine pottery, splint baskets, and mats of corn husk, and used wampum as a medium of exchange. Public records were woven into the designs of large wampum belts. Each town contained several long, bark-covered communal houses, which had both social and political significance; along their inner sides the families of a clan lived in semiprivate compartments, and the central areas were used as social and political meeting places. The common council of the entire confederacy met in such meeting places. These councils were fairly democratic in composition; delegates were elected by members of various lineages, and each delegate represented both a particular people and one of the matrilineal clans within a people. The office of delegate was restricted to chiefs, and every delegate had to meet the approval of both the peoples' councils and the league councils. If the conduct of any delegate was perceived as improper, or if he lost the people's confidence, the women of his clan officially expelled him and chose another delegate to serve in his place. The league as a whole had no single head, and decisions were usually made by a unanimous vote of the league council. The complexity and stability of this political organization, together with a carefully nurtured skill in warfare and the early acquisition of firearms, enabled the Iroquois to achieve and maintain a position of great power during the colonial period of American history. During their formative period in the 17 th century they broke up the tribal confederacies to their west, notably that of the Hurons. They continued to expand the territory under their dominion so that, by 1720, they had subdued almost all the peoples in a vast region extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, and from the St Lawrence River to the Tennessee River. In their relations with European settlers, the Iroquois, from the start, played the role of an independent power. During the colonial period they held the balance of power between the French and English, particularly in the area around the Canadian border. With few exceptions, chiefly factions of the Mohawk and Cayuga, who came under the influence of French Jesuit missionaries, the Iroquois allied themselves with English interests. They bitterly opposed the extension of French settlement southwards from Canada, and they were responsible for preventing the English colonies from being flanked on the west by the French. At the outbreak of the American War of Independence, the league council declared for neutrality but allowed each of the six component peoples to take sides as it saw fit. Most of them joined the British. After the War of Independence, the Mohawk, under their leader, Joseph Brant, crossed into Canada; they were followed by the Cayuga, and both peoples were eventually settled on two reservations to the north of Lakes Erie and Ontario. The Tuscarora are scattered, although a number have found a home among the Mohawk; most of the Oneida are settled at Green Bay, Wisconsin, and most of the Seneca in western New York; the Onondaga still hold their valley near Syracuse, New York. Despite their political significance, the confederacy probably never numbered more than 25, 000. [3]

HOW TO WRITE AN ESSAY – INTRUCTIONS AND FURTHER NOTES

TITLE 1) FIND A CATCHY TITLE: Reasons of unemployment among university graduates in 2012 P. h. D. or J. O. B?

Thesis = téza Introduction – narrows down the topic THESIS = major organisational statement

THESIS Challenging 2) Manageable 3) Grounded 1)

THESIS Challenging (interesting) 2) Manageable (given the scope of 5 pages) 3) Grounded (comparison of Slovak Roma minority and Canadian-Africans: too broad, too many aspects) 1)