Padua in the Exploration of the Universe Cesare

Padua in the Exploration of the Universe Cesare Barbieri Department of Astronomy University of Padua 23 September 1999 Conference held on the occasion of the 31 -st Annual Meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society

Introduction The aim of this conference is to provide a short history of the astronomical studies in Padua, and a brief (and necessarily incomplete) account of the present situation and foreseeable developments. I wish to thank the many colleagues who helped with the documentation. Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

Index n n n n Cesare Barbieri, 23 A brief history up to 1950 The modern epoch: Giuseppe Colombo, Leonida Rosino , Nicolo’ Dallaporta Italy joins ESA and ESO Observations, theories, space missions Cerenkov light, gravitational waves A panoramic on the future Conclusions To know more

Padua: n n Old Padua XVII Century n City University, Astronomical Observatory, Research Institutes Accademia de’ Ricovrati (1599) Accademia Galileiana Patavina di Scienze Lettere e Arti Bishops, Colleges …. . . Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

A Brief History - 1 n Pietro d’Abano (c. 1250 - c. 1315) teaching of the ptolemaic system n Giovanni Dondi dall’Orologio (1318 - 1389) the astrarium: a mechanical model of the ptolemaic system Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

A Brief History - 2 Galileo Galilei in Padua (1592 - 1610) Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

A Brief History - 3 n L’Accademia de’ Ricovrati (1599) (Accademia Galileiana Patavina di Scienze Lettere e Arti) n Geminiano Montanari (1633 - 1687) Comet Halley n St. Gregorio Barbarigo (1625 - 1697) the professors the Specola of the Seminario the printing house the laboratory of physics Cesare Barbieri, 23

A Brief History - 4 n Giuseppe Toaldo (1719 -1797) the Specola (decree of the Republic of Venice, 1761), meteorology, (extra-solar planets) n Giovanni Santini (1787 - 1877) cometary orbits, Cataloghi Padovani of stellar positions, Lezioni of Astronomy and Optics n Giuseppe Lorenzoni (1843 - 1914) astronomical photometry and spectroscopy, geodesy Cesare Barbieri, 23

The Specola of Padua (1767) Cesare Barbieri, 23

A Brief History - 5 The Mathematicians n Gregorio Ricci Curbastro (1853 - 1925) n Tullio Levi Civita (1873 - 1941) Tensor Calculus and General Relativity Mechanics Cesare Barbieri, 23

A Brief History - 6 Bruno Rossi (1905 1993) Antonio Rostagni (19041988) n n n Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 The Institute of Physics (1938) The East - West asymmetry of cosmic rays Cosmic rays observations using balloons

A Brief History - 7 Giovanni Silva (1882 - 1957) The Astrophysical Observatory of Asiago (1942) Cesare Barbieri, 23

A Brief History - 8 Geodetic Astronomy n n G. Ciscato n E. Soler, Rector Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 the polar motion and the International Latitude Service the contribution to the Carloforte station (founded in 1899): Ciscato, Bianchi Soler, Boaga, Tomelleri

The Modern Epoch n n n Giuseppe Colombo Leonida Rosino Nicolo’ Dallaporta Italy joins the European Space Agency and the European Southern Observatory The space telescopes, the Center for Space Activities (CISAS) Cerenkov light and gravitational Waves Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Giuseppe Colombo (1920 - 1984) n n n Celestial Mechanics, rotation of Mercury, space navigation the GIOTTO mission and the Inter. Agency Consultative Group space geodesy Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

Leonida Rosino (1915 1997) n n n The Schmidt telescopes and the Cima Ekar Observatory variable stars, Novae and Supernovae open and globular clusters diffuse and planetary nebulae the Corso di Laurea in Astronomy Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

Nicolo’ Dallaporta n n n Cesare Barbieri, 23 September Evolution of the Solar System, Stars and Galaxies General Relativity Theoretical Cosmology The Anthropic Principle Science, Metaphysics, Faith

Telescopes and their Instrumentation, Observations, Theories and Models, Space Missions Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

The Observing Station L. Rosino at Cima Ekar Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

The 3. 5 m National Telescope Galileo (TNG): Active Optics Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

The TNG - Adaptive Optics Speckle mode K-band, FWHM = 0”. 35 Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Detectors, Instrumentation, Controls, Data Archives Image Intensifiers, photon n counters, solid state devices, … n From the first CCD for the 182 OIG (the visual camera for the cm (1984) to the OIG TNG (1998) TNG), SARG (the high resolution spectrograph for the TNG) n Data archives: Guide Star Catalogue II, . . . SARG and a first comparison spectrum Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Solar System - 1 n n Searching for meteorites in Antarctica n Meteorites Lunar Sodium Asteroids and Comets Iron meteorite Acqueous Alteration H 2 O+ in Kohoutek in the spectra of asteroidscomet Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Solar System - 2 n Na cloud around Io Na tail in comet Hale. Bopp Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 n Sodium in the Giovian system and in comets Pluto - Astrometry and HST-FOC image

Solar System - 3 Formation models of planetesimal accumulation and formation of planetary embryos in the terrestrial region at 105 years Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 at 106 years

Extra-solar Planets, Low Mass Stars dynamical model of extra- solar planets on close orbits formation of planets around binary stars Cesare Barbieri, 23 September Gliese 623 - HST FOC

Stellar Evolution - 1 The final destiny of stars depends on the initial mass of the central core White Dwarfs Abscissa: central temperature Ordinate: density Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 Supernovae

Stellar Evolution - 2 Open Clusters Evolution of the stars in an open cluster including the so-called overshooting process; the cluster turns out to be older than in previous theories. are Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Globular Clusters - 1 NGC 6397: the cluster with the smallest distance modulus The proper motions measured with HST permit to isolate the sequence of stars down to masses smaller than 0. 1 Mo , namel down to the limit of the hydrogen burning reactions. Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

Globular Clusters 2 Pal 1: the youngest globular cluster in the Milky Way (about 8 billion years) Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

Globular Clusters - 3 The Bulge-halo Connexion An H-R diagram in the near IR of the galactic bulge, down to stars of mass 0. 15 Mo The ages of the bulge and of the halo, both very old systems Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

Planetary Nebulae M 57 with OIG at the TNG H O III 3 D Tomography in different spectral lines Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 N II

Variable Stars Flare stars, binaries Cataclismic variables, evolution and connexion with solar actvity Simbiotic stars n n n Flare in the Pleiades M 57 - TNG Simbiotic stars Cesare Barbieri, 23 September Solar stars in nova GK Persei

FH Ser 1970 25 years after the explosion Nova e n n Recurrent Nova RS Oph Novae as extra-galactic distance indicators: absolute magnitude as function of the decline rate. Dashed line: theoretical track as function of the mass of the White Dwarf. Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 In the Milky Way In M 31 and in M 33

Supernovae -1 Discovery and classification SN 19991 - The discovery with OIG-TNG The light-curve of SN-I Cesare Barbieri, 23 September The VST, almost hidden among the 4 VLT, for the discovery of SNs

Supernovae - 2 Search of SNs Associated to Gamma Bursts Supernova 1998 bw associated to the Gamma Burst GRB 980425 The discovery, the light curve, the spectum Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Supernovae - 3 The High Redshift SNs Discovery and spectum of a high redshift SN Distant SNs and the structure of Hubble diagram for the Universe, almost surely of nearby and distant SNs low density, and in perennial expansion probably with a positive acceleration Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Relativistic Astrophysics 1 SS 433 Pulsar in the Crab Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

Relativistic Astrophysics - 2 The Structure of a Black Hole NGC 4261 from ground HST from Cesare Barbieri, 23 September relativistic model of an accretion disc

Galaxies - 1 n n Morphology, rotation curves, dark mass Theoretical models of elliptical galaxies Growth of the apparent dimensions of M 87 from 1932 to 1969 thanks to the improvements in image acquisition and analysis Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 Tidal Effect of a dark halo

Galaxies - 2 NGC 5128 n n Elliptical galaxies: halos, anisotropies, triaxiality Counter-rotation between gas and stars Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Stellar Populations in the Galaxies of the Local Group H-R diagram of a dwarf galaxy formed by stars of successive generations, of ages varying from 108 to 1. 3 x 1010 years Phoenix, a nearby galaxy resolved in stars: the blue ones are young stars overimposed to an older population Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Theoretical Synthesis of Spectra of Normal Galaxies Comparison between observations (upper lines) and theory (lower lines) Ellipticals Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 Spirals Sa Spirals Sc

Active Galaxies: the Nuclear Region Optical jet of the Radiogalaxy (also a BL Lac) Pks 0521 -365 from ground and space a) jet plus galaxy b) only jet compact emission at 0”. 3 ESO NTT Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 HST

NGC 6240: An Active Galaxy with Violent Star Formation 4 m Mayall HST-FOC Interaction among two galaxies. The HST image shows two nuclei resolved in a series of structures hosting an intense and rapid stellar formation. Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Two Clusters of Galaxies at an Intermediate Redshift Calibration of the extragalactic distance scale from the surface brightness of the clusters of galaxies Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Quasars Optical variability of 3 C 345 The luminosity function of bright QSOs Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 The Ly-alpha forest

The Formation of Cosmic Structures esare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 n Numerical Simulation of a large cluster of galaxies having a mass of 1015 Mo/H and a scale of 6 Megaparsec, made with a parallel supercomputer Cray T 3 E

The Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect and the Hubble Constant of the distance scale in the Universe H 0 Direct measurement Comparison among the SZ isophotes and the X-ray surface brightness Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 Hubble diagram for a series of clusters of galaxies from the comparison of X-ray data and measures of the S-Z effect

The Spectrum of the Extragalactic Background in the Far Infra. Red The background radiation between 10 and 1000 micron is dominated by a population of galaxies strongly evolving with the cosmic time. Therefore the vision in the optical band of the primordial Universe is severely limited. Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

The European Giotto Mission n n Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 The Halley Multicolour Camera The nucleus of Halley’s comet

The European Hipparcos Mission: Astrometry at the Milliarcsec level The preparatory colloquia Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 The scientific results: calibration of the RR Lyrae magnitudes

UVCS on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory The instrument The solar corona Cesare Barbieri, 23 September

HASI: the Instrument for Titan’s Atmospheric Structure In flight on the Huygens probe of the Cassini spacecraft toward Saturn and Titan Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Cerenkov Light and Gravitational Waves Cosmic Rays, CLUE and n n future expansions Gravitational Waves CLUE (Roque) Cesare Barbieri, 23 September Auriga (Legnaro)

Projects for the Future n n n n Wide field prime focus for the telescopes VST, LBT and TNG The European missions Rosetta, Mars Express, FIRST/Planck Earth Surveys from space and (hopefully): astronomical instruments on the International Space Station Missions to Mars e Mercury The European Astrometry Mission Gaia Astrobiology The Ultra. Large Telescopes Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

The Prime Focus for the Large Binocular Telescope The optical design esare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 The mechanical structure

The Near-IR Prime Focus of the TNG Spectral range from 1. 0 to 2. 5 micrometres with a Hg. Cd. Te senso Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

The European Mission Rosetta (2003 -2013) Encounters with the asteroids Otawara and Siwa, and orbit around Comet P/Wirtanen Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 Wide Angle Camera

The European Mission Mars Express (2003) n The Planetary Fourier Spectrometer (PFS) for the study of the atmosphere and of the soil of Mars Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

The European Mission FIRST/Planck (2007) from COBE to Planck Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

GAIA - The Future Mission for Microarcsec Astrometry Spectroscopy in the near-IR in preparation of the mission Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Public Outreach n Catch the Stars in the Net! www. pd. astro. it/stelle. html n Voyage in the Cosmos (the exibition of 1997, in the Internet and a CD-Rom) n Impacts (in the Internet since 1999) Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Exhibitio ns n n n Halley and Giotto (1985 - 1986) From Galileo to GALILEO (1996) That Night on the Moon (1999) Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

Conclusions n n High visibility in the world-wide community Possible future expansions: - the new frame of the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) - consolidation of the structure of Space Activities Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999

To Know More n n Cesare Barbieri, 23 September 1999 www. pd. astro. it cisas. unipd. it www. dei. unipd. it www. infn. it