Overview of Jewish History From the Exodus to

Overview of Jewish History: From the Exodus to the Exilarch

Exodus from Egypt c. 1250 BCE • “Pitom and Raamses” • Evidence of destruction and new settlements in Israel in the 13 th cent. • Pharaohs of Shemot are likely: – Seti I (1294 -1279 BCE) – Ramses II (1279 -1213 BCE) – Merneptah (1213 -1203 BCE)

Merneptah’s sarcophagus and the Merneptah Victory Stele

“Canaan is captive with all woe. Ashkelon is conquered, Gezer seized, Yanoam made nonexistent; Israel (nomadic tribe) is wasted, bare of seed. ” – Merenptah Stele This shows that Israel was in its land before 1200 BCE but was still group of semi-nomadic tribes, not well-established.

King David - 1000 BCE

Divided Kingdom 931 -722 BCE

722 BCE – Exile of Northern Tribes by Assyria

Destruction of Temple I 587 BCE by Nebuchadnezzar

Cyrus the Great conquers the Babylonians and permits the Jews to return to Israel and rebuilt the Temple 539 BCE

Building of Temple II 516 BCE under Zerubabel

Purim Story – under Persians

Alexander the Great http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=MQf. Bin. Qw. PGs&feature=email

Hanukah Story – 164 BCE

Destruction of Temple II – 70 CE

Arch of Titus

Rabbis Reconvene at Yavneh after 70 CE

Bar Kokhba Revolt - 132 CE Front: Trumpets. " "לחרות ירושלים Back: Lyre. " "ש]נה[ ב לחר]ות[ ישראל

Texts and Time Periods 1000 BCE 587 BCE 539 BCE 516 BCE 332 BCE 164 BCE 150 BCE-70 CE 70 CE 132 CE 50 -200 CE 220 CE 200 -500 CE 400 CE 500 -700 CE 600 CE King David Destruction of Temple I Cyrus the Great – Persian rule Second Temple Built Alexander the Great – Greek rule Maccabean Revolt Pharisees Second Temple Destroyed Bar Kokhba Revolt Tannaitic Period Mishnah & Tannaitic Midrash Compiled Amoraic Period Yerushalmi & Amoraic Midrash Compiled Savoraim in Babylonia Bavli Completed

Rabbinic Texts Tannaitic Midrashim Amoraic Midrashim Mishnah Tosefta Talmud Yerushalmi 200 CE 400 CE Talmud Bavli 600 CE See https: //fc. gannacademy. org/gannopedia/genremap/rlgenremaphebrew. html

Tannaitic Midrash רבי ישמעאל רבי עקיבא ------ בראשית שמות מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל )רק קטעים( מכילתא דרבי שמעון בר יוחאי ספרא במדבר ספרי זוטא דברים מדרש תנאים ספרי ויקרא

Why is it called the “Mishnah”? The Hebrew root "Sh. NH" means "to repeat, " ( ) ושננתם לבניך and refers to memorization by repetition. "Mishnah" therefore has the sense of "that which is memorized by rote, " as distinct from the Rabbinic designation for the Bible: "Miqra, "that which is read and recited from a written text. The Jewish sages whose statements are quoted in the Mishnah are known as Tanna'im (singular: "Tanna"), derived from the Aramaic root related to the Hebrew "Sh. NH". The era in which the Mishnah was developed is therefore referred to as the "Tanna'itic" era.

“Our” Mishnah On the Talmud page, the passages from the Mishnah (for which the Talmud serves as a commentary) are introduced with the abbreviation "MTNY', " short for the Aramaic “Matnitin, " "our mishnah. " It is customary for the Babylonian Talmud to refer to "our Mishnah" (or: We learned), to distinguish it from other, "external, " mishnahs, referred to in Aramaic as "baraita. “ Some of the bataitot are collected in the Tosefta.

Contents of the Mishnah First Order: Zeraim ("Seeds"). 11 tractates. It deals with agricultural laws and prayers. Second Order: Moed ("Festival"). 12 tractates. This pertains to the laws of the Sabbath and the Festivals. Third Order: Nashim ("Women"). 7 tractates. Concerns marriage and divorce. Fourth Order: Nezikin ("Damages"). 10 tractates. Deals with civil and criminal law. Fifth Order: Kodshim ("Holy things"). 11 tractates. This involves sacrificial rites, the Temple, and the dietary laws. Sixth order: Tohorot ("Purities"). 12 tractates. This pertains to the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, the laws of ritual purity for the priests (cohanim), the laws of "family purity" (the menstrual laws) and others.

Order of Masechtot within a Seder Rambam tries to explain order of tractates in the Mishnah based on either chronological or logical progression.

SEDER MOED Shabbat Eruvin Pesachim Shekalim Yoma Sukkah Beitzah Rosh Hashanah Ta'anint Megillah Moed Katan Hagigah

SEDER MOED Shabbat 24 Eruvin 10 Pesachim 10 Shekalim 8 Yoma 8 Sukkah 5 Beitzah 5 Rosh Hashanah 4 Ta'anint 4 Megillah 4 Moed Katan 3 Hagigah 3

SEDER NASHIM Yevamot 16 Ketubot 13 Nedarim 11 Nazir 9 Sotah 9 Gittin 9 Kiddushin 4

SEDER NEZIKIN Bava Kamma Bava Metzia Bava Batra Sanhedrin Makkot Shevuot Edutoyot Avodah Zarah Avot Horayot 10 10 10 11 3 8 8 5 5 (6) 3

SEDER KODASHIM Zevahim Menahot Hullin Bekhorot Arakhin Terumah Keritot Me'ilah Tamid Middot Kinnim 14 13 12 9 9 7 6 6 6 5 3

SEDER TOHOROT Keilim Oholot Negaim Parah Tohorot Mikvaot Niddah Makshirin Zavim Tevul Yom Yadaim Uktzin 30 18 14 12 10 10 10 6 5 4 4 3

SEDER ZERAIM Berakhot Peah Demai Kilaim Sheviit Terumot Ma'asrot Ma'aser Sheini Hallah Orlah Bikkurim 9 8 7 9 10 11 5 5 4 3 4

The most reliable complete manuscript of the Mishnah.

… Save one life משנה מסכת סנהדרין פרק ד משנה ה לפיכך נברא אדם יחידי ללמדך שכל המאבד נפש אחד מישראל מעלה עליו הכתוב כאילו איבד עולם מלא וכל המקיים נפש אחת מישראל מעלה עליו הכתוב כאילו קיים עולם מלא ומפני שלום הבריות שלא יאמר אדם לחבירו אבא גדול מאביך 0 http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=uv. Gu 3 Y 9 e 8 y

Mishnah Sanhedrin 4: 5 – Ms. Kaufman

Important Political Events 313 CE Constantine converted to and declared toleration for Christianity 351 CE Jewish Revolt against Gallus protesting anti -Jewish legislation 362 CE Julian the Apostate announced rebuilding of the Bet Hamikdash 380 Christianity declared the official religion of the Roman Empire 395 Roman Empire splits into two 425 CE Elimination of the Patriarchate 638 CE Muslim Conquest