Overview of Biofuel Activities in SE Asia & China presented at the Dutch Brokerage Event on Biorefinery and Biofuels January 18 th -19 th , 2007 Amsterdam, the Netherlands by David Tee Liang & Prof Tay Joo Hwa Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering (IESE) Singapore
Presentation Outline 1. Global and Asian Biomass Resources 2. Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China 3. R&D Focus and Advances 4. Issues Affecting Biofuel Markets 5. Opportunities
Use of renewable sources of energy by regions, in Mtoe primary energy 1. Traditional biomass energy consumption is, by its nature, very hard to estimate. 2. New renewable energy includes solar, wind, geothermal, wave and ocean energy, and micro hydro power.
Primary Energy Demand of Fuel in Asia, 2000 -2020 Singapore Energy Demand in 2003: 88% oil and 12% NG – heavy reliance on fossil fuels. Source: Kokichi ITO, The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. “Asia/World Energy Outlook”, a presentation in 385 th Forum on Research Work, 10 March 2004, Tokyo, Japan
Projected Oil Demand by Region in Asia (2000 -2020) Projected Gas Demand by Region in Asia (2000 -2020) Projected Oil and Gas Demand in Singapore during 2000 -2020: 2. 6% share in total oil incremental increase and 0. 9% in total of gas increase in the region.
Singapore sits in a region teeming with Biomass Energy Sources…. Energy Potential of Agro-processing Residues as Percentage of Total Primary Energy Production, % Traditional biomass: Open burning, small domestic/industrial burners/boilers lead to Low efficiency High emissions Haze episodes
SUGAR INDUSTRY Process energy required: 25 -30 k. Wh/tonne of sugarcane 0. 4 tonne of steam 1 tonne of sugarcane 100 -120 kg Sugar Waste: 290 kg Bagasse ~ 100 k. Wh
WOOD INDUSTRY (PLYMILLS) Energy required: Plywood: 110 k. Wh/cu. m. log + 1. 2 tonne of steam 1 cu. m. of Debarked Wood Log 0. 5 cu. m. Plywood Waste: 0. 5 cu. m. Wood Residues ~ 120 k. Wh
WOOD INDUSTRY (SAWMILLS) Energy Required: Sawmill: 35 - 45 k. Wh/m 3 1 m 3 of Debarked Wood Log Waste: 0. 5 m 3 Wood Residues 0. 5 m 3 Sawn Wood ~ 80 k. Wh
RICE INDUSTRY Process energy required: Paddy milling and drying: 30 -60 k. Wh/tonne paddy 650 -700 kg White rice 1 tonne of Paddy Waste: 220 kg Husks ~ 90 -125 k. Wh
PALM OIL INDUSTRY Process energy required: 20 -25 k. Wh/t 0. 73 tonne of steam 1 tonne of fresh fruit bunches 200 kg palm oil Waste: 600 -700 kg POME ~ 20 m 3 biogas 210 kg fibers + shells ~ 45 k. Wh 230 kg empty fruit bunches ~ 35 k. Wh
Energy from Biomass Waste Residues Issues Preventing Widespread Exploitation of this Abundant Energy Source in SE Asia §Lack of awareness by stakeholders §Remote and diffused site/locations §Low energy density of the raw material §No grid connectivity §Plant operators unskilled/unwilling to cope with new, unfamiliar processes §Lack of funds for new capital projects §Lack of government support
Critical Needs for Biomass Wastes Technologies for Conversion of Waste §Value add for Animal Feed/Fertilizer Production §Efficient direct combustion w/steam cycles §Pyrolysis/Gasification with diesel gen. §Pyrolysis/Gasification with GTL §Enhanced biogas production plus purification/compression §Cellulase based fermentation for ethanol §Other innovative conversion technologies…
Critical Needs for Biomass Wastes Market Drivers that will enhance its use §Government Policy and Support §Carbon credits and CDM projects §Escalating Fossil Fuel Costs §Availability of Grid and Buy-back Structure §New cost effective technology for biofuels conversion §Integrated planning by large plantation owners §Regional agreements and actions to abate haze episodes
Presentation Outline 1. Global and Asian Biomass resources 2. Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China 3. R&D Focus and Advances 4. Issues Affecting Biofuel Markets 5. Opportunities
Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China §Fossil energy demand growth in Asia outpacing production/new discoveries §Asia is the largest producer/consumer of edible oils including soy, rapeseed, vegetable, peanut, coconut and palm oil etc. §Ethanol fermentation has also been long practiced and well understood §SE Asia is teeming with biomass resources and has potential for large energy crop plantations §Biofuels production buoyed the market demand for renewable and low sulfur fuels §Many new projects are being developed and new investments are pouring in §CDM and EU/Japan/Regional demands a major driver
Potential Plant Sources for Ethanol Switch Grass Sugar Cane Corn Sunflower Sugar Beet Casava
Comparison of selected bioethanol feedstocks Crop Liters ethanol/ha US gal/acre Miscanthus 14031 1500 Switchgrass 10757 1150 Sweet Potatoes 10000 1069 Poplar Wood 9354 1000 Sweet Sorgham 8419 900 Sugar Beet 6679 714 Sugar Cane 6192 662 Corn 3461 370 Casava 3835 410 Wheat 2591 277 Source: Petroleum Club (with permission)
Potential Plant Sources for Biodiesel Soybean Jetropha Canola Oil Palm Sunflower
Comparison of selected biodiesel feedstocks Conversion to biodiesel, % Yield liter/ha Palm Oil 68 5, 800 Coconut Oil 68 2, 689 Jetropha 54 1, 892 Rapeseed 44 1190 Sunflower 45 952 Source: 2 feelgood website
Biofuels Production Plants in SE Asia Plant Location (city/region) Feedstock Capacity (T/y) Country Biofuel. Type Cambodi a Biodiesel Jatropha oil Prey Veng Province Biodiesel Palm oil 8 Biodiesel plants Ethanol Sugar cane 3 Ethanol plants Biodiesel Catfish fat An Giang Province Agifish An Giang Province 600 Used oil Sugar cane, molasses, cassava, maize Saigon Petro 730 Indonesia Vietnam Biodiesel Ethanol Thailand Philippin es Ethanol Biodiesel/ Ethanol Bangkok Cassava Sugar cane, cassava, n/a sweet sorghum, corn, coconut oil 28 Technology Employed Intended Market Remarks Chemical basic catalytic Domestic Maharishi Vedic University project demonstration Mixing palm oil to diesel Domestic and Export Total production will be 187 ML (2007) 150, 000 Year unknown 10, 000 Domestic and Export Domestic 400, 000 Nil 400, 000 10 ML of diesel fuel (2007) from 10, 000 T of catfish Pilot plant Planning 400, 000 in 2006, projecting 1 million in 2007 5~10% bioethanol/ gasoline blending; 1% coconut methyl ester blending in diesel
Ethanol Production Plants in China Bio Fuel Type (Et. OH) Feedstock Plant Location Capacity (T/y) Technology Employed Intended Market Remark (Company or investor) Fermentation and Domestic vehicle distillation （blend with gasoline, B 10) Fermentation and Domestic distillation vehicle and ethanol market JI LIN FUEL ALCOHOL COMPANY LIMITED (吉林燃料乙醇公司) 500, 000 Fermentation and distillation Domestic vehicle Anhui 440, 000 Fermentation and distillation Domestic vehicle HENAN TIANGUAN FUEL ETHANOL CO. LTD (河南天冠集团燃料乙醇 有限公司) ANHUI BBCA BIOCHEMICAL CO. , LTD. (安徽丰原生物化学公司) Guangxi, Hebi and Liaoning 800, 000 NA Domestic Fuel alcohol (Et. OH) Corn Jiling 400, 000 Et. OH (Drinkable and fuel alcohol) Dated foodstuff and corn Heilongjiang 370, 000 Fuel alcohol (Et. OH) Dated wheat or straw Henan Fuel alcohol (Et. OH) Corn and cassava Fuel alcohol (Et. OH) Cassava 黑龙江华润酒精有限公 司 Under Construction 中粮集团(正在兴建中) 中粮集团( 正在兴建中)
Biodiesel Production Plants in China Biodiesel Usedcooking oil, vegetable oil Hainan 20, 000 Chemical catalytic method Domestic 海南正和生物能源公司 Biodiesel Waste vegetable oils, animal fats, rapeseed oil Sichuan 20, 000 Chemical basic catalytic method Domestic 四川古杉油脂化学公司 Biodiesel Waste vegetable oil, s animal fats Fujian 150, 000 Chemical catalytic (Solid basic, possible) method Domestic China Biodiesel International Holding Co. , LTD Biodiesel Jatropha oil and teaseed oil Guangxi 300, 000 Chemical catalytic and molecule extraction Domestic 广西柳州明惠生物燃料 有限公司(其中 10 T/y 有限公司( 其中 10 T/y 已投产； 20 T/y兴建中) Biodiesel Rapeseed oil Shandong 250, 000 Enzyme catalytic transesterification Export to Europe (威海碧路生物能源有 限公司, 兴建中) Handling by Austria Biolux company Biodiesel Cotton-seed oil Xinjiang 100, 000 Biology method (building…) 中国生物柴油国际控股有限 公司(包括福建龙岩和厦门 公司( 卓越新能源发展有限公司) NA 新疆生物柴油炼油厂 ( 规划建设中)
Biodiesel Production Plants in Taiwan Biodiesel White tung oil Biodiesel Chang-hua county, Taiwan 200, 000 NA NA 世界生物能源公司 Waste Chiayi vegetable oil, county, sunflower, Taiwan soy-bean and rapesed oil 3, 000 NA (Demonstration plant) Domestic Taiwan NJC Corp. Waste vegetable oils 4, 000 NA (blending gasoline with import biodiesel) Domestic 積勝企業股份有限公司 ; 承德油脂股份有限公司 Kaohsiung city and Taipei city, Taiwan 台灣新日化公司「生質 柴油示範 廠」
Biodiesel Plants in Singapore & Malaysia Investor Plant Size(t/yr) Location Remarks Wilmar International Advanced Holdings Ltd MAE Engineering Ltd 250, 000 100, 000 60, 000 Malaysia Jan’ 07 End’ 07 38% equity in Lereno Natural Fuel of Australia 600, 000 S’pore 1 st phase Peter Cremerof Germany 200, 000 S’pore Nexsol 100, 000 Johore Biofutures of UK 200, 000 Sabah VDH-IESE 200, 000 S’pore VDH-IESE 200, 000 Malaysia Mid’ 07 End’ 07 Early 2008 Mid 2008 Nov’ 07
Observations of the Biofuels Status SE Asia & China: Government subsidy exists for ethanol, but not yet for biodiesel (expected to be announced shortly). Natural Jetropha located in Southwestern region, Once planted as part of reforestation and soil conservation measure. Recent activity focused on biodiesel has caused escalating price in waste food oil (~$600 US/T). Plan for massive Jetropha plantation (~10 Million acres) proposed and seed selective breeding research has yielded impressive results (~48% yield). Other R&D include glycerin conversion, marine algae, and yeast fermentation. Domestic market for ethanol and biodiesel expected to be huge. Indonesia: Gradually replacing Malaysia as the largest Palm oil producer in the region with more large plantations under development. Biodiesel a relatively new development due to availability of indigenous fossil fuel resources. Recently signed a major deal with China on biodiesel production (see next page).
Observations of the Biofuels Status SE Asia & China Quote from Economist: Jan 13 th-19 th 2007, p. 7 China National Offshore Oil Corporation agreed to invest in a $5. 5 billion Indonesian biofuels project, thought to be one of the world's largest. The state-owned company is looking for energy sources that could one day ease China's reliance on oil and coal. However, the news was not welcomed by environmentalist worried about the rainforest that will be cleared to make way for crops needed to produce the biofuels. .
Observations of the Biofuels Status SE Asia & China Thailand: Government mandate for biofuel blend in gasoline and diesel products. Several large ethanol plants are already in production with more to come. Considered one of the most advanced in the region in terms of policy supporting the development of biofuels and renewable energy. Cambodia: With large areas available for energy crops, the government has been courting investors to develop Jetropha plantations/agronomy. Small biodiesel demonstration plant underway. Philippines: One the region’s large sugar producers and is poised to engage in ethanol/biodiesel production. Recently passed legislation for 5% blend of ethanol and 1% blend of biodiesel in all fuels sold.
Observations of the Biofuels Status SE Asia & China Malaysia: Once the world’s largest palm oil producer, Malaysia has millions of acres of palm plantation invested and has gained considerable knowledge for palm oil processing. It aims to remain as the major producer of palm oil and is ready to supply to the biofuels market. This may lead to a boom to the palm oil market and push up the price of crude palm oil which had seen a drop when compared with its peak of almost $850 US per ton. Taiwan: The estimated demand for biodiesel is 32 million liters per year if the target of 5. 5% blend is to be achieved. With no government subsidies announced yet, several major plants are already being constructed including one with 400, 000 t/y. Government plans to use dormant and contaminated farmland for the use of energy crops which can provide approximately 25 million liters of biodiesel. Additional 7 million liters can come from waste food oil and animal fats.
Observations of the Biofuels Status SE Asia & China Singapore: With no indigenous fossil resources nor arable land, Singapore remains to be the favorite in the region for investors to site biodiesel plants, despite its higher costs. This is due to its political stability, financial clout, strong IP protection, oil tanker traffic & shipping hub status plus it has also established as the world’s major oil refinery center (ranked number 2 in capacity). Logistically it sits in the middle of two largest oil palm producers (Indonesia & Malaysia). With easy access to the feedstock by tankers, and ready infrastructure for oil trading and oil product distribution to all major markets. It is no surprise that investors consider it a safe & strategic location for biodiesel production. Together with industrial partners, IESE has become an equity partner in a JV company with plan of setting up two biodiesel plants at 200, 000 t/y each. This one in a series of developments in Singapore with total capacity now approaching 1. 2 million t/y!!
Presentation Outline 1. Global and Asian Biomass resources 2. Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China 3. R&D Focus and Advances 4. Issues Affecting Biofuel Markets 5. Opportunities
R&D Focus and Advances On Ethanol §Enzyme (cellulase) based production process §Membrane based ethanol/methanol dehydration §DME conversion On Biodiesel §High yield Jetropha and other low cost feedstocks §Marin algae or yeast + carbon sequestration §Enzyme based production process §Glycerin conversion to higher value products On Biogas/biomass gasification §Membrane based biogas upgrading §Gas to liquid (GTL) processes
Presentation Outline 1. Global and Asian Biomass resources 2. Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China 3. R&D Focus and Advances 4. Issues Affecting Biofuel Markets 5. Opportunities
Issues Affecting Biofuels Market §Conventional energy costs (coal, oil and gas) §CDM and its extension §Food or Fuel debate §Land use: arable land/rainforest depletion §Government policies/subsidies §Political stability of the host country §Supply/demand imbalance §Possible Cartel for crude palm oil? (palm oil supply dominated by a few processors/traders in the region)
Presentation Outline 1. Global and Asian Biomass resources 2. Biofuel Production Status in SE Asia and China 3. R&D Focus and Advances 4. Issues Affecting Biofuel Markets 5. Opportunities
Opportunities in SE Asia on Biofuels §Providing Technologies for biofuel production §Join consortium for project development §Production of high yield seeds and seedlings §Development of large scale plantations §Marketing of biofuel products §Carbon credits and CDM projects
What are we looking for at this event? ? 1) Turnkey Suppliers for 2 X 200, 000 t/a biodiesel plants; 2) Engineering Contractors for the same; 3) R&D partners for innovative biofuel/bioenergy technologies, can match EU funding; 4) Markets/buyers for the biodiesel products. 5)Looking forward to meet you in the next 2 days!!
Bioenergy Outlook 2007, April 26 -27 Issues, Advances and Opportunities in Bio. Energy Singapore welcomes you in April 2007!! Abstract Acceptance Full Paper Conference 31 Jan 28 Feb 15 Mar 26/27 Apr Selected papers will be published in Energy& Fuels under American Chemical Society (ACS) Publications. Send Abstracts NOW to: ryan@ntu. edu. sg For Exhibition, contact: kstan@ntu. edu. sg
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Research Leading in Technology Development for Membranes for Water Resource Recovery & Gas Separation Applied Environmental Biotechnology Advanced Air Pollution Control Clean & Renewable Energy Marine Environment & Ballast Water Waste Utilization & Resource Recovery
IESE Manpower Core Scientists 20 Contract/Project Staff 9 Corporate 7 Business Development 4 Research Assistants 20 Total 60
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IESE Facilities S$13. 5 million of equipment 400 sq m of laboratory space § Hollow Fibre Membrane Spinning Machine § Crossflow MF/UF/NF/RO-filtration Rigs § DOTM – for real time membrane fouling studies § Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) § Ultrasonic Reflectometry (UDTR) § Optical Microscope. Contact Angle Measuring system § Rheometer § Zeta Potential Analyser § Streamline Potential Analyser (SPA) § Particle Size Analyser (PSA) § Total Organic Carbon Analyser (TOC) § High Pressure Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) § Scanning Electron Microscope with EDX § Ion Chromatograph (IC) § Transmission Electron Microscope § X-Ray Diffractometer § UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
IESE Facilities Pilot Equipment: § High-Temp Fluidized Bed Reactors § Fixed Bed Reactors § Fermentors § Membrane Bioreactors § Hollow Fibre Membrane Casting Unit § Ceramic Membrane Casting Unit § Rotary and Box Furnaces § Ferrator § Advanced Oxidation Equipment § Shipboard BWT pilot plant
Patent Output per S$ Million 1. 60 1. 43 1. 40 1. 25 1. 20 1. 00 0. 86 0. 80 0. 60 0. 21 IE ) N (C S A C SE N. A. PA V R C E (A EB C R C A ut C N ) (G ec EP -M O ) ) (N ) C B R I ( TN au nh of er ( G ) a er ic m Fr A th or N N. A. SE N. A. 0. 00 U 0. 014 U 0. 20 C 0. 40
IESE Achievements Patents Filed 22 New Disclosures 8 SCI Papers 281 Joint Venture Companies Spin-Off Companies International Collaboration 4 28 International Conferences 18
IESE (Planned) Group of Companies IESE PTE LTD REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES IESE WATER ASIA PTE LTD PAN ASIAN WATER SOLUTIONS LTD IESE SOLUTI ONS PTE LTD INVESTORS IESE NEW OIL PTE LTD IESE CDM CONSULTANCY PTE LTD ENVIPURE PTE LTD IESE MEMBRA NE TECH PTE LTD IESE AIR & ENERGY PTE LTD IESE MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY PTE LTD INVESTOR IESE – INTEGRI TY SENSOR [JV] IESE-FEDERAL SHANGHAI [JV] INVESTOR IESE – MD / MBR [JV] FEDERAL ENV & ENERGY PTE TD BALLAST WATER TREATMENT [JV] INVESTOR IESE - ENVIPU RE [JV] PA WATERTECH PTE LTD [JV] INVESTOR BIODESULPHURIZATION OF BUNKER OIL [JV] ENVIPURE PTE LTD IESE-ENVIPURE [JV] WATER & WASTE WATER TREATMENT PROJECTS PRODUCTS SMALL SCALE / LOW COST WATER / WASTE TO ENERGY PRODUCTS USED OIL CDM MEMBRANE AIR & ENERGY MARINE USED OIL RECYCLING CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AIR POLLUTION CONTROL / RENEWABLE ENERGY MARITIME ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
Membranes- Water Applications Membrane Fabrication – Development of PVDF and PAN hollow fibre membranes for water and wastewater; CA membrane for oil/water separation (1); solvent resistant membrane Membrane Distillation / Crystallisation – recovery of valuable salts from industrial wastewater eg. sodium sulphate Membrane Bioreactors – Sustainable MBR operation & fouling control; MDBR-Membrane distillation with MBR for water reclamation (1); Anaerobic MBR - treatment of ship-board & municipal wastewater plus high strength industrial wastewater; Membrane integrity sensor – development of sensor for rapid detection of membrane failure (1) Portable Membrane Filters – For disaster relief applications
Membranes - Gas Separation PVDF Membranes for CO 2 Separation & Sequestration: CO 2 Capture from Combustion Flue Gas using membrane contactors(1* ), Polyimide Membranes for CO 2 Separation from Natural Gas, Syngas & Biogas(3); Ceramic Membranes Catalytic Functional Membranes: Synthesis of perovskite ceramic membranes used in the partial oxidation of methane (POM) for Syngas production and hydrogen purification (1); Ceramic Membrane Modules for Used lubricant oil recycling (1); Ceramic Membrane Filters for Silica fume and HCl recovery from Fibre Optics production process.
Environmental Biotechnology Bio-granulation: Anaerobic and Aerobic Bio-granulation for domestic and Industrial WWT (2); Granular MBR (GMBR) (2), regarded as the next major breakthrough in WWT Biocarbon : Novel bio-film combined with activated carbon sorbent proven effective to treat low-concentration odor compounds (1*); Bio-desulfurization: New sulfur metabolizing microbes identified capable of removing complex sulfur compounds from the bunker oil matrix (1); Ballast Water Treatment: UV-hydrocyclone for BWT (1), Automatic self-cleaning filtration test, Chemical treatment evaluation, Dockside pilot plant, Shipboard trials
Advanced Oxidation Technologies Ti. O 2 based Photo-catalytic Oxidation (PCO) Processes for wastewater treatment, air pollution control and synthesis of functional membranes with surface modifications (1); Ferrate (Fe 6+) Oxidation for ballast water disinfections, WWT, odor control, and other environmental applications; Hydrogen Cool Flame for the cleaning of glass/ceramic substrates and destruction of odor/VOC, as well as medical waste disinfections (3); DBD (Dielectric Barrier Discharge) Hydroxyl Generator for innovative environmental oxidation applications (3*).
CDM & Renewable Energy Biogas & Biohydrogen: Biohydrogen Production(1), Enhanced Biogas Production, Biogas purification & enrichment, Small household biogas generators Biofuels Production: Biodiesel production and glycerin by-product utilization; Cellulose-ethanol/methanol production and separation; Biomass Combustion & Gasification: Direct combustion for heat & power production, Biomass gasification systems for clean and cost effective power production; Carbon Credits & Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): New Methodology development, validation and verification.
Strategic Alliance Private Companies: • • • • • • Air Liquide GE (Water) Zenon Katadyn Salcon Imprimatur Capital Juniper Investment Sembenviro Keppel Seghers Aqua Systems Glowtec Kureha Kolon Asahi Semb. Corp Industries Hyflux Norit Singapore Technologies Beca Carter Envipure Windnergy Statutory Boards, Government Agencies & NGO’s : • • • Economic Development Board (Singapore) Public Utilities Board (Singapore) Surbana Building Construction Authority (Singapore) Maritime and Port Authority (Singapore) National Environmental Agency (Singapore) SGX Lien Foundation Jurong Town Corporation (Singapore) International Enterprise (Singapore) Institution of Engineers (Singapore) Research Institutes / Universities and Polytechnics : • • • IMRE ICES SIMTECH ITRI (Taiwan) NUS TMSI Ngee Ann Polytechnic Temasek Polytechnic Singapore Polytechnic
Global Experiences IESE Staff has executed Water and Environmental Projects for the World Bank, WHO, IEA, IMO, APO, EUCogen & UNEP in many regional countries including: China, HK& Macao, Iran, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei, Taiwan, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Philippines, Oman, Indonesia, Korea…
Technology Used Lubrication Oil Recycling using Membrane Technology ~ Patented Technology Laboratory Test Pilot Plant
Technology Environmental Resource Recycling ~ ERS Feed Meal Food Processing Center - Markets, Slaughter House, Industries, Kitchen Waste Fertilizers
Technology Awards Winning Technology ~ Biogranulation for Wastewater Treatment § Home-grown technology: Robust microbial granules for aerobic and anaerobic degradation of organics from industrial and process wastewaters § Advantages: rapid start-up, high biomass retention, high tolerance to chemical toxicity, high versatility, high loads, small footprint § Global WWT market is US$300 billion, with growing needs in Asia, especially China
Technology Awards Winning Technology ~ Biogranulation for Wastewater Treatment § Pilot-scale studies of aerobic granules with toxic industrial wastewaters § Full-scale application of anaerobic granulation technology on chemical wastewaters in Jurong Island
Technology Bio Activated Carbon ~ Patented Technology GRT can be shortened as low as 2 s to achieve a 99. 9% removal efficiency
Technology Demonstration ~ Shipboard Ballast Water Treatment § § § Primary treatment – automated selfcleaning filtration Secondary treatment – ferrate (VI) Linkages with MPA, TMSI, NOL, NA etc.
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