Outline Ch 1 — 4 Wireless introduction

Outline (Ch 1 - 4) • Wireless introduction • Wireless cellular (GSM, CDMA, UMTS, Wi. MAX) • Wireless LANs, MAC layer • Wireless Ad hoc networks – routing: Proactive routing, On-demand routing, Scalable routing, Geo-routing – multicast – TCP – Qo. S, adaptive voice/video apps • Sensor networks

Wireless networks Introduction: from cellular to ad hoc

The three wireless “waves” • Wave #1: cellular telephony – Still, biggest profit maker • Wave #2 : wireless Internet access – Most Internet access on US campuses is wireless – Hot spots are rapidly proliferating in the US; Europe and Asia to follow soon – 2. 5 G, 3 G and 4 G trying to keep up; competitive edge? • Wave #3: ad hoc wireless nets (now) – Set up in an area with NO infrastructure; to respond to a specific, time limited need – Io. T (Internet of Things)

Organization of Cellular Networks HLR (home location register) – information MSC (mobile switching center) VLR (visitor location register) – information BS (base station) - modulation, antenna

Wireless Internet Options - Cellular • 2. 5 G – GPRS: Time Division based (GSM); 100 Kbps – 1 x. RTT: CDMA based; 144 Kbps • 3 G – UMTS: Wide Band CDMA from 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps – Integrates packet service with connection oriented service (voice, video, etc) • 4 G – Wi. MAX/IEEE 802. 16 (100 Mbps) ->> 3 G? 4 G? • 上海：单路 512 Kbps～ 3 Mbps • 中国移动决定 2014年开通 50万个 4 G基站 – 广东联通 4 G实验网上行速率为 46. 5 M，下行速率达到 140. 46 M

Cellular Data network for Internet Access

Wireless Internet Option: Wi. Fi (IEEE 802. 11) • Replacement for wired Ethernet • Unlicensed spectrum (ISM) • Several options and rates – 802. 11 b: 11, 5. 5, 2, 1 Mbps; @ 2. 4 GHz – 802. 11 a: 54 Mbps in 5. 7 GHz band – 802. 11 g: 54 Mbps; @ 2. 4 GHz – 802. 11 n, up to 100 Mps with MIMO and OFDM tech. • Range – Indoor 20 - 25 meters (more) – Outdoor: 50 – 100 meters (1 Km) • Transmit power: 30 - 100 m. W (200 m. W, 500 m. W)

Wireless Internet options: Bluetooth (IEEE 802. 15. 1) • • • 1998: BT SIG : Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba A cable replacement technology Max rate 700 Kbps @2. 4 Ghz Range 10+ meters Single chip radio + baseband – at low power (1 mw) & low price point ($5) • Convergence of 802. 15 and Bluetooth in a single PAN standard

Current Wireless Internet 802. 11 LAN Internet 3 G/4 G WAN Infrastructure • Wireless WAN: 3 G/4 G cellular infrastructure • Wireless LAN: IEEE 802. 11

Comparisons of 3 G and 802. 11 • Coverage – 3 G: large coverage – 802. 11 b/a/g: small • Throughput u Cost 802. 11: cheaper 3 G: expensive – 802. 11 b/a/g: up to 11/54 Mbps – 3 G: up to 2. 4 Mbps • Cell size and density – 802. 11: several hundred feet – 3 G: up to several kilometers • Applications supported – 802. 11: mainly data, but may support Vo. IP – 3 G: data plus voice in 1 XEVDV

Integrating 2 G, 3 G and Wi-Fi • Creating one multi-speed, multimedia network • Integrate Wi-Fi and cellular communications • "total seamlessness" between the technologies

Which Internet access to choose? • Most portables have multiple radio interfaces – 802. 11, Bluetooth, GPRS, 1 x. RTT, 3 G , and 4 G • Dynamically select best access – Lowest connection charge – Best reception – Best power budget (must save battery power) – Suitable Qo. S • Challenges: – Integrating 2 G, 3 G, 4 G and Wi-Fi – "total seamlessness" between the technologies – Creating one multi-speed, multimedia network

A more general look at the handoff • Vehicles moving from one type of wireless coverage to another will pose serious challenges: – Urban mesh, Wi. Fi, Wi. MAX will offer up to several Mbps – Ad Hoc network extensions reaching the car from the Info-station - up to one Mbps – GPRS, 1 X RTT - up to 100 Kbps • Server must adjust video stream parameters when user changes access media

Soft Handoff with Qo. S Support • We must: – Provide seamless connectivity. – Monitor changing capacity/quality of the conn – Deliver multimedia content (eg video) to user

The 3 rd Wave: Infrastructure vs Ad Hoc Infrastructure Network (cellular or Hot spot) Ad Hoc, Multihop wireless Network

General Ad Hoc Network Characteristics • Instantly deployable, re-configurable (No fixed infrastructure) • Created to satisfy a “temporary” need • Node portability (eg sensors), mobility • Limited battery power • Multi-hopping (to save power, overcome obstacles, enhance spatial spectrum reuse, etc. )

The Battlefield • Do. D was first to understand the value of ad hoc networks for the automated battlefield • In 1971 (two years after ARPANET), DARPA starts the Packet Radio project • ONR (Office of Naval Research) sponsors MINUTEMAN - a 5 year program at UCLA (2000– 2005) • Goal: develop an “unmanned” , airborne ad hoc architecture

SATELLITE COMMS SURVEILLANCE MISSION UAV-UAV NETWORK AIR-TO-AIR MISSION STRIKE MISSION COMM/TASKING Unmanned Control Platform COMM/TASKING RESUPPLY MISSION UAV-UGV NETWORK FRIENDLY GROUND CONTROL (MOBILE) Manned Control Platform Minuteman: Algorithms and Protocols for Network of Autonomous Agents

The MINUTEMAN “Internet in the Sky”

Transferring Battlefield technology to civilian applications - Disaster recovery • Flood, mud slide, earthquakes, eruption, chemical or nuclear plant disaster, snow …. • Several rescue teams involved, with different functions • Autonomous vehicle swarms (ground/airborne) are deployed (with sensors/actuators) • Manned and unmanned teams cooperate in rescue • “Ad Hoc networking” will be central to make the operation work

Ad Hoc Network Applications (cont) - Commercial • • • Sport events, festivals, conventions Patient monitoring Ad hoc collaborative computing (Bluetooth) Networked video games at amusement parks, etc Ad Hoc extensions (of Wireless Internet) – Opportunistic Evolution • Vehicle Communications and Urban Surveillance – Urban Homeland Defense • Mobile sensor platforms vs Cable TV – P 2 P applications • Car Torrent • Mob. Eyes • Autonomous evacuation

Alternative “All Wireless” Networks • “All wireless” architecture: Multihop wireless networking – Potential benefits: • “anytime, anywhere” network setup • Self-organized, small to large scales • Minimized wiring cost • Three architectural paradigms from resource perspective – Low-end: resource-constrained wireless sensor networks – Middle-ground: mobile ad-hoc networks – High-end: wireless mesh networks

Multihop Wireless Networks Low-End Wireless Sensor Networks Middle-Ground Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks • Resource-constrained • Nodes with reasonable sensors amount of resources • Potentially large population • Data rates upto 10 s Mbps

High-End: Wireless Mesh Networks 802. 11 s Portal L 3 Router L 2 Switch Mesh Portal Mesh Links 802. 11 MAC/PHY Distribution System STA Mesh AP Mesh router • High-speed wireless 802. 11 ESS backbone at >100 Mbps • Resource abundant • Promises to have both wide coverage and high rate

Wireless Mesh Networks

Vehicle Networks for Urban surveillance • CCTV surveillance – Cameras cannot be installed at all locations – Cameras can be taken out by terrorists – The central data collection facility can be sabotaged • Mobile video collection/storage platforms – Vehicles, People, Robots – Mobile “eyes” are an complement to CCTV • New challenges on VEHICLES – – wireless communications medium wireless data protocols/architectures distributed storage strategy search of the distributed, mobile data base

Urban “opportunistic” ad hoc networking From Wireless to Wired network Via Multihop

The Urban Vehicle Grid • Ad hoc networking to prevent/contain accidents

Opportunistic piggy rides in the urban mesh Pedestrian transmits a large file block by block to passing cars, busses The carriers deliver the blocks to the hot spot

More generally: New Vehicle Roles on the road • Vehicle as a producer of geo-referenced data about its environment – Pavement condition – Probe data for traffic management – Weather data – Physiological condition of passengers, …. • Vehicle as Information Gateway (Telematics) – Internet access, infotainment, dynamic route guidance, …… • These roles demand efficient communications

Vehicle Roles: Vehicular Sensor Apps • Vehicle & Vehicle, Vehicle & Roadway as collaborators – Cooperative Active Safety • Forward Collision Warning, Blind Spot Warning, Intersection Collision Warning……. – In-Vehicle Advisories • “Ice on bridge”, “Congestion ahead”, …. • Environment – Traffic congestion monitoring – Urban pollution monitoring • Civic and Homeland security – Forensic accident or crime site investigations – Terrorist alerts

Urban Ad Hoc net in action: Safe Driving Vehicle type: Cadillac XLR Curb weight: 3, 547 lbs Speed: 75 mph Acceleration: + 20 m/sec^2 Coefficient of friction: . 65 Driver Attention: Yes Etc. Vehicle type: Cadillac XLR Curb weight: 3, 547 lbs Speed: 65 mph Acceleration: - 5 m/sec^2 Coefficient of friction: . 65 Driver Attention: Yes Etc. Alert Status: None Alert Status: Inattentive Driver on Right Alert Status: Slowing vehicle ahead Alert Status: Passing vehicle on left Vehicle type: Cadillac XLR Curb weight: 3, 547 lbs Speed: 75 mph Acceleration: + 10 m/sec^2 Coefficient of friction: . 65 Driver Attention: Yes Etc. Alert Status: Passing Vehicle on left Vehicle type: Cadillac XLR Curb weight: 3, 547 lbs Speed: 45 mph Acceleration: - 20 m/sec^2 Coefficient of friction: . 65 Driver Attention: No Etc.

Vehicular Sensor Network (VSN) IEEE Wiress Communications 2006 Uichin Lee, Eugenio Magistretti (UCLA)

Vehicular Testbed @UCLA - Project Goals • Provide: – A platform to support car-to-car experiments in various traffic conditions and mobility patterns – A shared virtualized environment to test new protocols and applications – Remote access to U-Ve. T through web interface – Extendible to 1000’s of vehicles through WHYNET emulator – potential integration in the GENI infrastructure • Allow: – Collection of mobility traces and network statistics – Experiments on a real vehicular network

Big Picture • We plan to install our node equipment in: – 50 Campus operated vehicles • “on a schedule” and “random” campus fleet mobility patterns – 50 Communing Vehicle • Measure freeway motion patterns – Hybrid cross campus connectivity using 10 WLAN Access Points – The U-Box Node: • Laptop/PC (Linux) (Windows), 2 x WLAN Interfaces, 1 Software Defined Radio (FPGA based) Interface, 1 Control Channel , 1 GPS, OLSR Used for the Demo

The C 2 C testbed

Car. Torrent : Opportunistic Ad Hoc networking to download large multimedia files You are driving to Vegas You hear of this new show on the radio Video preview on the web (10 MB)

Highway Infostation downloading Internet file Problem: Stopping at gas station to download is a nuisance Observation: many other drivers are downloading the same files (like in the Internet) Solution: Co-operative P 2 P Downloading using the Car to Car ad hoc nets (Car-Torrent)

Partial download from Infostation Internet Download

Co-operative P 2 P Download Internet P 2 P Exchange of Pieces Vehicle-Vehicle Communication

Mobile System——Smart Phone-centric Wireless System • Mobile Evolution • It won’t stop….

Cellular applications • The first killer application – SMS text messaging • Then ring tones… • … and with data communication a dominant use • Always-on connectivity… • … while on the move Find where your friends are – Where, Whrrl, Loopt Localization through GPS

Ubiquitous application based on Smart. Phone • Google App store • i. Phone App Store – Million Dollars Profit

Provide Anywhere Accessible Medical Information • Allowing data to be translated analyzed at a remote location, • taking a huge step in bringing modern medicine to the entire world.

Star. Track by Microsoft • This application suggests co-workers that can potentially drive together, thereby reducing pollution, gas consumption, and traffic congestion

Sensor-enabled Mobile Phone accelerometer digital compass microphone Wi. Fi/bluetooth GPS … Capture environment information Having conversation Hanging out with friends … What if sensors automatically infer various aspects of our lives ?

To summarize • Wireless “networking” is a young field, unlike wireless communications • Explosion of interest in recent years due to the shift to mobile Internet • Many unanswered questions on how to architect these networks: theory, design and systems