Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay Kevin P. Dincher www. kevindincher. com The Worst Hard Time THE DIRTY 30 S
Kevin P. Dincher 2
Kevin P. Dincher FDR 3
Kevin P. Dincher FDR Humanize the Problem Stop New Settlements/Farms Stabilize Prices Stop Erosion 4
Kevin P. Dincher FDR Humanize the Problem Support for government assistance WPA Visual Media 5
Kevin P. Dincher FDR Homesteading Ended in 1934 Buy back land 4 million acres Restored grassland 6
Kevin P. Dincher FDR Stabilize Prices Summer, 1933: Agriculture Adjustment Administration October, 1933: Federal Surplus Relief Corporation Subsidies to create artificial scarcity Crops were ploughed up or left to rot 6 million pigs were killed and discarded Divert commodities (apples, beans, canned beef and cotton) to local relief organizations 1935: Drought Relief Service Cattle 7
Kevin P. Dincher FDR Farm Subsidies 1922: Grain Futures Act 1929: Agricultural Marketing Act 1933: Agriculture Adjustment Administration 1930: 25% of the country's population resided on the nation's 6, 000 small farms Give extra money for crop Guaranteed price floor 2004 -2007: wheat Paid 52 cents/bushel $3. 92/bushel of wheat Price: $3. 80 Subsidy: $. 52 + $. 12 = $. 64 8
Kevin P. Dincher FDR Farm Subsidies 1922: Grain Futures Act 1929: Agricultural Marketing Act 1933: Agriculture Adjustment Administration 2000 only 2% of the U. S. population residing on farms 157, 000 large farms accounted for 72% of farm sales 9
Commodity Feed grains, mostly corn Kevin P. Dincher 2004 U. S. Crop Subsidies Millions of US$ 2, 841 Share 35. 4% Cotton 1, 420 17. 7% Wheat Rice Soybeans and products Dairy Peanuts Sugar Minor oilseeds Tobacco Wool and mohair Vegetable oil products Honey Other crops Total 1, 173 1, 130 610 295 259 61 29 18 12 11 3 160 8, 022 14. 6% 14. 1% 7. 6% 3. 7% 3. 2% 0. 8% 0. 4% 0. 2% 0. 1% 0. 0% 2. 0% 10
Kevin P. Dincher FDR 1934 Frazier– Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act 11
Kevin P. Dincher FDR 1934 Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Delayed foreclosure of a bankrupt farmers' property for five years During that 5 years, farmer made rental payments The farmer could then buy back the property or remain in possession as a paying tenant Purchase: Current appraised value 6 years 1% interest 12
Kevin P. Dincher FDR Stop Erosion 1933: Soil Erosion Service Department Hugh 1935: of the Interior Bennett Soil Conservation Service Department 1994: of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service 13
Kevin P. Dincher FDR Stop Erosion 1933: Soil Erosion Service Early years Educate farmers Technical Assistance to farmers $1/acre 1938 crop rotation strip farming contour plowing terracing 1937 Studies/surveys 65% reduction in blowing soil 1939 drought ended 14
Kevin P. Dincher FDR Stop Erosion 1933: Soil Erosion Service Technical Assistance to farmers 1934: Great Plains Shelterbelt 200 million trees Abilene, Tx to Canadian Border 1942: 30, 233 shelterbelts 220 million trees 100 miles wide 18, 600 miles long $75 million 15
Kevin P. Dincher AFTER THE DROUGHT 1939 Drought ended 1940 -1944 Amount of land devoted to wheat farming expanded by 3 million acres Timothy Egan: "a classic tale of human beings pushing too hard against nature, and nature pushing back. " Dust Bowl: $5 WW II: $50 - $100 16
Kevin P. Dincher OGALLALA AQUIFER 1950 s 174, 000 mi² Underlies about 80 percent of the High Plains 30% of all ground water used for irrigation in the United States drinking water to 82% of the people who live on the High Plains 17
Kevin P. Dincher OGALLALA AQUIFER Rate of extraction exceeds the rate of recharge, water level elevations are decreasing Overall water levels have dropped about 10% 18
Kevin P. Dincher OGALLALA AQUIFER Environmental Controversies 1980 s: Nuclear Waste Site (Deaf Smith County, TX) 2008: Keystone Pipeline 19
Kevin P. Dincher GREAT PLAINS CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION 20
Kevin P. Dincher PRESERVING THE GREAT PLAINS 500, 000 acres of U. S. National Park Badlands National Park Theodore Roosevelt National Park Carlsbad Caverns National Park Wind Cave National Park 15 National Historic Sites 21
Kevin P. Dincher BADLANDS NATIONAL PARK, SD 242, 756 ACRES 22
Kevin P. Dincher THEODORE ROOSEVELT NATIONAL PARK, ND: 70, 477 ACRES 23
Kevin P. Dincher CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, NM: 46, 766 ACRES 24
Kevin P. Dincher WIND CAVE, SD: 28, 295 ACRES 25
Kevin P. Dincher PRAIRIE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION 1937: 20 Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act National Grasslands (3, 838, 280 acres) Like National Forests: may be open for hunting, grazing, mineral extraction, recreation and other uses 1 Grassland Preserve 26
Kevin P. Dincher TALLGRASS PRESERVES Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, Oklahoma Midewin Tall National Tallgrass Prairie, Illinois Grass Prairie Preserve, Manitoba 27
Kevin P. Dincher TALLGRASS PRAIRIE NATIONAL PRESERVE KANSAS 28
Kevin P. Dincher TALLGRASS PRAIRIE NATIONAL PRESERVE KANSAS 400, 000 square miles of tallgrass prairie The Nature Conservancy and the National Park Service 2009: The Nature Conservancy introduced a small herd of bison 29
Kevin P. Dincher TALLGRASS PRAIRIE PRESERVE OKLAHOMA 30
Kevin P. Dincher TALLGRASS PRAIRIE PRESERVE OKLAHOMA Largest tract of remaining tallgrass prairie in the world 45, 000 Owned acres and managed by The Nature Conservancy Chapman-Barnard ranch (Ben Johnson, Jr. ) Osage Indian Reservation Retained sub-surface mineral rights 2, 500 Bison 31
Kevin P. Dincher AMERICAN BISON 32
Kevin P. Dincher AMERICAN BISON 1600: 50 million Bison Shaped the grasslands Other species prairie dogs black-footed ferrets burrowing owls Turkeys Songbirds 1906: 1000 Bison 33
Kevin P. Dincher AMERICAN BISON 1907: Bronx Zoo American Bison Society sent 15 Bison to Oklahoma Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge American Bison Rocky Mountain Elk White-tailed Deer Long-horn Cattle 34
Kevin P. Dincher AMERICAN BISON Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge Grassland Management Native Plants Mowing 35
Kevin P. Dincher AMERICAN BISON Wichita Mountain Wildlife Refuge Grassland Management Native Plants Mowing Fire 36
Kevin P. Dincher AMERICAN BISON 2013: 500, 000 Bison in the US 37
Kevin P. Dincher AMERICAN BISON 38
Kevin P. Dincher AMERICAN BISON 2013: 500, 000 20, 000 Bison in the US wild Bison Classification: lower risk but conservation dependent 39
Kevin P. Dincher 40
Kevin P. Dincher Black-footed Ferret 41
Kevin P. Dincher JOHN MUIR e! ot qu is “When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world. " M 42
Kevin P. Dincher JOHN MUIR "When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe. “ My First Summer in the Sierra 43
Kevin P. Dincher JOHN MUIR "When we try to pick out anything by itself we find that it is bound fast by a thousand invisible cords that cannot be broken, to everything in the universe. ” Journal Entry July 27, 1869 44
Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay Kevin P. Dincher www. kevindincher. com The Worst Hard Time THE DIRTY 30 S
Kevin P. Dincher 5 Fridays, July 26, August 2, 9, 16, 23 10: 30 AM to 12: 30 PM The Founding Mothers AS AMERICAN AS MOTHERHOOD AND APPLE PIE
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