Ornithology The Study of Birds Habitat

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Ornithology The Study of Birds

Habitat • In time, birds have adapted to live in diverse regions including: Forests, mountains, deserts, oceans, marshes, and many more • Dinosaurs? • Ecological Niche = Diversity • Penguins, Ostrich, Peregrine Falcon, Arctic Tern, Goldfinch

Food Source • Early in earth’s history, birds ate animal food, but seed eating came later • They now eat almost everything including: Nectar, roots, grass, seeds, bugs, fish, ….

Importance to Humans and Environment • Birds that eat other animals or, predator birds, have an important role in the food chain. • They keep rodents under control, helping farmers. • Birds help stop the spread of some diseases. • Birds spread pollen and seed to help reproduction of plants.

Unique Characteristics • For a 170 lb. man to exert as much energy as a bird, he would have to eat 285 lbs of hamburger or double his weight in potatoes. • Some have hollow bones to make them lighter • Some maintain a body temp of 40 degrees Celsius on cold winter days • Some reduce body temp in winter

Skeletal/Support System

Skeleton • Modified for flight – Supports flight muscles (pectoral girdle, keel/sternum) – Withstands stress of flight – Wings – fewer, fused digits • Reduced mass – Pneumatic bones- major bones hollow with struts, air spaces connected to respiratory system – Fused bones- adds rigidity – Lack teeth- lightweight beak

• Fused bones: • Brain Case • Furcula: pair of clavicles • Thoracic vertebrae to ribs • Synsacrum: ilium, ischium, lumbar , sacral, and first 6 caudal vertebrae • Pygostyle: final few caudal vertebrae • Also fused bones in legs and wings • Also note: • Uncinate processes • Sternum/keel • Arrangement and reduced number of digits • More specifics on handout

Pneumatic Bone • Not completely hollow, has struts • Connected to respiratory system • Major bones of body pneumatic http: //nm. audubon. org/education/EE%20 Chapter 1/Chapter 1. htm

Main Flight Muscles • Pectoralis- downstroke • Supracodieus- upstroke • Complex muscles

• Birds need a steady stream of oxygen to fly, and to be able to release large amounts of CO 2 • The respiration cycle of a bird is much more effective than a mammals, transferring more air with each breath • Basically, birds breath in and out at the same time Respiration

Respiratory System • Very efficient • Unidirectional air flow • System of air sacs – Average of 9 – Serve variety of functions • Lack muscular diaphragm

Circulatory System • Birds have a closed circulatory system. • A Closed Circulatory system is a blood circulation system in which blood moves through the body in closed vessels. • 4 Chambered Heart • 1200 bpm (Humming bird flight) – 40 bpm (torpor)

Digestive System • • • Crop Gizzard Colic caeca Liver 9 AM Pheasant Hunting Starting Time?

Digestive System

Excretory System • Bird’s waste systems are much like reptiles • Waste is removed from blood from the kidney • Then converted to uric acid and put in the cloaca • There water is absorbed and bird droppings are formed

Reproductive System • 95% of birds are socially monogamous, they pair with one mate for at least the length of the breeding season. • Cloaca is the reproductive organ in birds. • Eggs are fertilized and given nutrients inside the female before the hard shell forms. • Intersexual Selection • Sexual Dimorphism • Limiting Factors • DDT?

Sensory/Nervous system • Birds are very intelligent, they must fly at high speeds, catch prey from long distances, and migrate thousands of miles. • This demands lots of gathering and processing information • Bird senses are more advanced than humans. • Birds have great vision, but taste and smell are not as well developed.

Sensory System-Migration • Birds have a sixth sense-to migrate • It is a magnetic sense; like an internal compass • Some few birds, do not have this sense and have learned to use the stars for migration

Examples Flamingo Toucan King Penguin Humming Bird

Feathers • Feathers are an adaptation that has enabled them to become successful. • Penguins • Peacocks • Owls • Eaglet

Beak Adaptations • The beaks are adapted to the kind of food the bird eats. • The toucan has a large, strong beak to slice food • The long beak of a pelican is ideal for getting fish

Bird Feet • Birds have hind limbs used for walking, swimming, running, or perching • Front limbs have modified into wings

Endotherms • Definition of Endotherms: The heat from within • The bird’s body is insulated enough to conserve most of its metabolic energy. • They can maintain a constant high body temp

N 200804040938263766 Orders • There are 27 orders of • Struthionifrmesbirds Ostriches • More than ½ are • Casuariiforms- Emus Passeriformes, which include house sparrows and perching birds

The End

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