Organized Crime SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER 6 The Illicit

Organized Crime SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER 6 The Illicit Drug Trade Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Early Drug Regulation • 1906 – Pure Food and Drug Act enacted • 1914 – Congress enacted the Harrison Narcotics Act • 1940's & 50's – Marijuana and cocaine use slowly gained popularity Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Impact of Drugs on Society • Cycle of Disorder § Overall fear of disorder by residents (Crime vs. Fear of Crime) § Disorder increases when there is litter in the streets or broken windows, etc. § Residents begin to move out § New households are more likely to be single parent families Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Impact of Drugs on Society • Cycle of Disorder § Informal community control § Policing the drug problem is no easy task. (See Strategies below. ) Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Impact of Drugs on Society • Drugs and Violent Crime § Intramural Violence • Aggression among drug traffickers § Intermural Violence • Aggression by drug traffickers against the police. Threats/violence to those who oppose drug dealing in their neighborhood. Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Impact of Drugs on Society • Drugs and Organized Crime § Drug Trafficking Organizations • Core organizations • Secondary organizations • Local organizations Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Players in the Drug Business • • • Organized Crime Groups Manufacturing End Refiners and wholesalers Traffickers Dealers Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Players in the Drug Business • Cali Cartel (Mexico) • Other groups • Juveniles are used as lookouts for crack houses or drug couriers • Drug users themselves • Street Dealers Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Business of Drugs • • Cold Calculating Money-driven business Operates 7 days a week all year long Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Southeast Asia • Consider the history of the opium trade § Opium, heroin, and morphine are all derived from the opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum) § Opium was used mainly as a painkiller in Asia, Middle East, and Europe Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Southwest Asia • Second Asian geographical region of illicit opium production • Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan make up the Golden Crescent • Golden Crescent produced more than 8, 000 of the world's 9, 000 total tons of opium. Shipped to Middle East, , Far East, HI and CA. Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Trends of Organized Drug Trafficking • Organization § Vertically integrated • When a drug-manufacturing organization merges with an organization proficient in street level distribution § Horizontally integrated • When one crime organization absorbs another organization in the same drug market Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Drugs and Drug-Trafficking Techniques • Domestic organizations cultivate, produce, and manufacture illegal drugs such as: § § Marijuana PCP LSD Meth Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Drug-Control Strategies • Problems associated with the illicit drug problem is violence that is associated with it § A side effect of this problem is that it spills over into neighborhoods Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Drug-Control Strategies • Strategy 1: Expressive Law Enforcement § Law enforcement strategy that suggests more police resources be devoted to the drug problem • Strategy 2: Mr. Big Strategy § Employ sophisticated investigative procedures using wiretaps, informants, and undercover operatives Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Drug-Control Strategies • Strategy 3: Gang Control § View gangs as organized crime enterprises and to use all the techniques that have been developed to deal with traditional organized crime • Strategy 4: Citywide Street-Level Drug Enforcement § Disrupt open dealing by driving it back indoors Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Drug-Control Strategies • Strategy 5: Neighborhood Crackdowns § Police can crackdown on drug offenses in neighborhoods that are willing to join the police in resisting drug abuse • Strategy 6: Drug Abuse Prevention § Focus on drug user rather than dealer Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Other Control Strategies • Source country crop control § Control foreign production of opium and coca and restricting both foreign and domestic cultivation of marijuana. § Encourage farmers not to grow it. § Buy it and destroy it. § Eradicate it. Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Other Control Strategies • Interdiction § Based on the rationalization that foreign countries are not effective in preventing the production of illicit drugs and therefore the flow of drugs in the country must be stopped at the US border. Organized Crime, Sixth Edition Michael D. Lyman | Gary W. Potter Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved