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Organisasi Sistem Komputer Organisasi Sistem Komputer

Organisasi Sistem Komputer Application (Netscape) Software Hardware Operating Compiler System Assembler (Windows 98) Processor Organisasi Sistem Komputer Application (Netscape) Software Hardware Operating Compiler System Assembler (Windows 98) Processor Memory I/O system 10230 Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design transistors ° Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat “abstraksi” 2

Abstraksi Sistem Komputer Abstraksi Sistem Komputer

Konsep Abstraksi ° Memudahkan bermacam “pengguna” memahami sistem komputer sesuai tingkat kebutuhannya (yang berbeda-beda): Konsep Abstraksi ° Memudahkan bermacam “pengguna” memahami sistem komputer sesuai tingkat kebutuhannya (yang berbeda-beda): • end-user: - menggunakan aplikasi untuk menyelesaikan tugasnya - butuh aplikasi yang merepresentasikan alat bantu penyelesaian tugasnya • pemrogram aplikasi: - menggunakan development tools untuk membuat program aplikasi - butuh model sistem komputer tanpa bergantung pada jenis komputer secara spesifik • pemrogram sistem: - membuat program sistem - butuh model sistem komputer tanpa bergantung pada implementasi komponen-komponen perangkat keras 4

Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Sistem Komputer ° Application S/W • MS Word computer as electronic type-writer Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Sistem Komputer ° Application S/W • MS Word computer as electronic type-writer • MS Excel computer as electronic calculator ° System S/W • Compilers computer as translator (source to executable program) • Operating Systems computer as machine that executes programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers, communicate with other computers ° Instruction Set • What basic operations can be carried out • What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from memory • How can data be exchanged to the outside “world” ° Computer H/W • The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output 5

Bahasa Pemrograman Bahasa Pemrograman

Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman A = 25; B = 8; High Level Language Program (e. Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman A = 25; B = 8; High Level Language Program (e. g. , C) Compiler 10230 Assembly Language Program Assembler Machine Language Program (80 x 86) Machine Interpretation 0000 1010 1100 0101 1001 1111 0110 1000 C = A * B; A B C mov add mov 1100 0101 1010 0000 dw 25 dw 8 resw 1 eax, [A] ebx, [B] eax, ebx [C], eax 0110 1000 1111 1001 1010 0000 0101 1100 1111 1000 0110 0101 1100 0000 1010 1000 0110 1001 1111 Control Signal Specification ° ° 7

Java: Interpreted Programming Language Java Language Program Java Compiler Byte Code Interpreter (Java Virtual Java: Interpreted Programming Language Java Language Program Java Compiler Byte Code Interpreter (Java Virtual Machine) + Just In Time (JIT) Compiler Machine Language Program (80 x 86) Machine Interpretation Control Signal Specification ° ° 8

Java (. java) Byte Code (. class) (http: //www. javacoffeebreak. com) Deskripsi Byte Code: Java (. java) Byte Code (. class) (http: //www. javacoffeebreak. com) Deskripsi Byte Code: • getstatic get static field from class • ldc push item from runtime constant pool • invokevirtual invoke instance method • return control to the caller 9

Sejarah Komputer Sejarah Komputer

Generasi Komputer ° I: ’ 46 – ’ 57: UNIVAC 1103 • Bahasa Rakitan Generasi Komputer ° I: ’ 46 – ’ 57: UNIVAC 1103 • Bahasa Rakitan • Vacuum Tube • 40. 000 instruksi/detik ° II: ’ 58 – ’ 64: IBM 7094 • • Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator Transistor I/O & Processor Parallelism 200. 000 instruksi/detik ° III: ’ 65 – ’ 71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8 • • Sistem Operasi Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC) Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism 1. 000 instruksi/detik ° IV: ’ 72 – ’ 77: Apple IIe, IBM PC • Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI) • Microprocessor, PC • 10. 000 instruksi/detik ° IV: ’ 78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, Power. PC • Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) • 100. 000 instruksi/detik 11

Arsitektur Komputer Arsitektur Komputer

Komponen-komponen Komputer MONITOR: to output data SPEAKER: to output data KEYBOARD: to input command/data Komponen-komponen Komputer MONITOR: to output data SPEAKER: to output data KEYBOARD: to input command/data “CPU”: to process command & data DISK: to input/output data MOUSE: to input command/data 13

5 Komponen Utama Komputer Devices Keyboard, Mouse Input Disk Computer Processor (active) Control (“brain”) 5 Komponen Utama Komputer Devices Keyboard, Mouse Input Disk Computer Processor (active) Control (“brain”) Datapath (“brawn”) Memory (passive) (where programs, data live when running) Output (where programs, data live when not running) Display, Printer “CPU” 14

Processor ° Responsible of executing program stored in memory • read instructions & input Processor ° Responsible of executing program stored in memory • read instructions & input data • execute • store results (output data) ° Control Unit (“otak”): • interprete instruction • control data transfer between registers • define processsor’s ‘language’ complexity (e. g. , RISC vs. CISC) ° Datapath (“otot”): • ALU: Aritmetic & Logical Unit • Exposed register - Size of register determines processor smallest data unit (i. e. , 8 -bit, 16 -bit, 32 -bit, 64 -bit computers) • Hidden register 15

Memory ° Responsible of storing instructions/data ° Each unit of instruction/data is stored in Memory ° Responsible of storing instructions/data ° Each unit of instruction/data is stored in a memory cell, whose address is known to the processor ° Any memory cell can be accessed by a processor randomly (RAM: random access memory) ° The amount of instruction/data accessed by a processor may vary (1, 2, . . . , n memory cells at a time) ° To achieve trade-off between speed and cost, memory is structured hierarchically memory hierarchy 16

Input/Output (Device) ° Responsible of communicating with the outside (of computer) world ° A Input/Output (Device) ° Responsible of communicating with the outside (of computer) world ° A device may serve as Input-only, Output-only, or both (Input-Output) device • Input-only: keyboard • Output-only: monitor display • Input-Output: floppy disk, hard disk ° Data translation may be needed when processor exchanges data with an I/O device so humans can understand them 17

Interkoneksi Antar-komponen Komputer (1/2) Gbr. 5. (a) Tampak belakang komputer. (b) Bagian dalam komputer Interkoneksi Antar-komponen Komputer (1/2) Gbr. 5. (a) Tampak belakang komputer. (b) Bagian dalam komputer (tampak samping). *Diambil dari http: //www. ui. ac. id/pdpt/ppkk/Pengenalan. Komputer. html 18

Interkoneksi Antar-komponen Komputer (2/2) Proc Caches Processor-Memory Bus adapters Memory I/O Bus Controllers I/O Interkoneksi Antar-komponen Komputer (2/2) Proc Caches Processor-Memory Bus adapters Memory I/O Bus Controllers I/O Devices: Disks Displays Keyboards Networks Interconnected by a BUS 19

Tren Teknologi Tren Teknologi

Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor Pentium 4: 42 million Pentium III: 9. 5 million Moore’s Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor Pentium 4: 42 million Pentium III: 9. 5 million Moore’s Law Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5. 5 million Power. PC 620: 6. 9 million Alpha 21164: 9. 3 million Sparc Ultra: 5. 2 million 2 X transistors/Chip Every 1. 5 years Called “Moore’s Law” 21

Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor 1. 54 X/yr Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor 1. 54 X/yr Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip) 22

Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM) year 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM) year 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 2000 size(Megabit) 0. 0625 0. 25 1 4 16 64 256 Now 1. 4 X/yr, or doubling every 2 years 4000 X since 1980 23

Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Disk • Areal Density = BPI x TPI - BPI: Bit Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Disk • Areal Density = BPI x TPI - BPI: Bit Per Inch - TPI: Tracks Per Inch • Change slope 30%/yr to 60%/yr about 1991 24

Teknologi Komputer Perubahan Dramatis ° Prosessor • 2 X lebih cepat setiap 1, 5 Teknologi Komputer Perubahan Dramatis ° Prosessor • 2 X lebih cepat setiap 1, 5 tahun • 100 X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir ° Memori • Kapasitas DRAM: 2 x / 2 years • Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun • Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun • Kapasitas meningkat 64 X dalam dekade terakhir ° Disk • Kapasitas disk: > 2 X setiap 1, 0 tahun • Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun • Kapasitas meningkat 120 X dalam dekade terakhir 25

Komputer Berkinerja Tinggi (High Performance Computers) Komputer Berkinerja Tinggi (High Performance Computers)

Intel Pentium Pro Quad • All coherence and multiprocessing glue in processor module • Intel Pentium Pro Quad • All coherence and multiprocessing glue in processor module • Highly integrated, targeted at high volume • Low latency and bandwidth 27

SUN Enterprise ° Proc + mem card - I/O card • 16 cards of SUN Enterprise ° Proc + mem card - I/O card • 16 cards of either type • All memory accessed over bus, so symmetric • Higher bandwidth, higher latency bus 28

Cray T 3 E • Scale up to 1024 processors, 480 MB/s links • Cray T 3 E • Scale up to 1024 processors, 480 MB/s links • Memory controller generates request message for non-local references • No hardware mechanism for coherence - SGI Origin etc. provide this 29

Intel Paragon 30 Intel Paragon 30

IBM SP-2 ° Made out of essentially complete RS 6000 workstations ° Network interface IBM SP-2 ° Made out of essentially complete RS 6000 workstations ° Network interface integrated in I/O bus (bw limited by I/O bus) 31

Berkeley NOW ° 100 Sun Ultra 2 workstations ° Inteligent network interface • proc Berkeley NOW ° 100 Sun Ultra 2 workstations ° Inteligent network interface • proc + mem ° Myrinet Network • 160 MB/s per link • 300 ns per hop 32

Intel 80 x 86 Architecture Intel 80 x 86 Architecture

Intel History: ISA evolved since 1978 ° 8086: 16 -bit, all internal registers 16 Intel History: ISA evolved since 1978 ° 8086: 16 -bit, all internal registers 16 bits wide; no general purpose registers; ‘ 78 ° 8087: + 60 Fl. Pt. instructions, (Prof. Kahan) adds 80 -bit-wide stack, but no registers; ‘ 80 ° 80286: adds elaborate protection model; ‘ 82 ° 80386: 32 -bit; converts 8 16 -bit registers into 8 32 -bit general purpose registers; new addressing modes; adds paging; ‘ 85 ° 80486, Pentium II: + 4 instructions ° MMX: + 57 instructions for multimedia; ‘ 97 ° Pentium III: +70 instructions for multimedia; ‘ 99 ° Pentium 4: +144 instructions for multimedia; '00 34

Arsitektur Intel P 6 (Pentium Pro) Control Unit Data Path 35 Arsitektur Intel P 6 (Pentium Pro) Control Unit Data Path 35

Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium Processor/Memory Bus Memory PCI Bus I/O Busses 36 Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium Processor/Memory Bus Memory PCI Bus I/O Busses 36