Organisasi Sistem Komputer Organisasi Sistem Komputer Application

Organisasi Sistem Komputer

Organisasi Sistem Komputer Application (Netscape) Software Hardware Operating Compiler System Assembler (Windows 98) Processor Memory I/O system 20210 Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design transistors ° Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi 2

Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Organisasi Komputer ° Application S/W • MS Word computer as electronic type-writer • MS Excel computer as electronic calculator ° System S/W • Compilers computer as translator (source to executable program) • Operating Systems computer as machine that executes programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers, communicate with other computers ° Instruction Set • What basic operations can be carried out • What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from memory • How can data be exchanged to the outside “world” ° Computer H/W • The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output 3

Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman A = 25; High Level Language Program (e. g. , C) Compiler B = 8; 20210 lds add sts Assembly Language Program (e. g. , AVR) Assembler Machine Language Program (AVR) Machine Interpretation C = A * B; 0000 1010 1100 0101 1001 1111 0110 1000 1100 0101 1010 0000 r 1, 0 x 100 r 2, 0 x 102 r 1, r 2 0 x 104, r 1 0110 1000 1111 1001 1010 0000 0101 1100 1111 1000 0110 0101 1100 0000 1010 1000 0110 1001 1111 Control Signal Specification ° ° 4

Organisasi Bahasa Pemrograman Java Language byte code Java Virtual Machine JVM dapat langsung berhubungan dgn h/w Operating System Computer H/W 5

5 Komponen Utama Komputer Devices Keyboard, Mouse Input Disk Computer Processor (active) Control (“brain”) Datapath (“brawn”) Memory (passive) (where programs, data live when running) Output (where programs, data live when not running) Display, Printer 6

Contoh-contoh (Organisasi) Komputer

Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium Processor/Memory Bus PCI Bus I/O Busses 8

Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation 20 ° TI Super. SPARCtm TMS 390 Z 50 in Sun SPARCstation 20 MBus Module Super. SPARC Floating-point Unit L 2 $ Integer Unit Inst Cache Ref MMU Data Cache Store Buffer Bus Interface CC MBus L 64852 MBus control M-S Adapter SBus DMA SBus Cards SCSI Ethernet DRAM Controller STDIO serial kbd mouse audio RTC Boot PROM Floppy 9

Contoh: Microcontroller AT 90 S 8515 10

Struktur (Umum) Interkoneksi Antar-Komponen Proc Caches Processor-Memory Bus adapters Memory I/O Bus Controllers I/O Devices: Disks Displays Keyboards Networks Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka 11

Outline Materi Kuliah ° Konsep-konsep Dasar • Stored Program Computer • Instruction Set ° Set Instruksi/Pemrograman ° Input/Output ° Memori ° Aritmatika ° Prosesor • Datapath • Control Unit ° Pipeline 12

Generasi Komputer ° I: ’ 46 – ’ 57: UNIVAC 1103 • Bahasa Rakitan • Vacuum Tube • 40. 000 instruksi/detik ° II: ’ 58 – ’ 64: IBM 7094 • • Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator Transistor I/O & Processor Parallelism 200. 000 instruksi/detik ° III: ’ 65 – ’ 71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8 • • Sistem Operasi Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC) Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism 1. 000 instruksi/detik ° IV: ’ 72 – ’ 77: Apple IIe, IBM PC • Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI) • Microprocessor, PC • 10. 000 instruksi/detik ° IV: ’ 78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, Power. PC • Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) • 100. 000 instruksi/detik 13

Tren Teknologi

Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor Moore’s Law Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5. 5 million Power. PC 620: 6. 9 million Alpha 21164: 9. 3 million Sparc Ultra: 5. 2 million 2 X transistors/Chip Every 1. 5 years Called “Moore’s Law” 15

Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor 1. 54 X/yr Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip) 16

Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM) year 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 2000 size(Megabit) 0. 0625 0. 25 1 4 16 64 256 Now 1. 4 X/yr, or doubling every 2 years 4000 X since 1980 17

Teknologi Komputer Perubahan Dramatis ° Prosessor • 2 X lebih cepat setiap 1, 5 tahun • 100 X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir ° Memori • Kapasitas DRAM: 2 x / 2 years • Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun • Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun • Kapasitas meningkat 64 X dalam dekade terakhir ° Disk • Kapasitas disk: > 2 X setiap 1, 0 tahun • Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun • Kapasitas meningkat 120 X dalam dekade terakhir 18

Bicycle Computer (Embedded) ° P. Brain Heart Rate Speed Altitude • wireless heart monitor strap • record 5 measures: speed, time, current distance, elevation and heart rate • Every 10 to 60 sec. • 8 KB data 33 hours • Stores information so can be uploaded through a serial port into PC to be analyzed Dramatic change !!! 19