Opposing Arguments by Christopher Aden
Opposing Descriptive Arguments Intrinsic features (immaterial to the description) e. g. “Capital punishment is racist” (racism is independent of capital punishment, so racism is immaterial to the description) Thoroughness e. g. “all drugs ought to be prohibited because they are harmful for health” (not good interpretation because some drugs are beneficial, e. g. marijuana, demidrol, etc. )
Opposing Relational Arguments Capability test (cause effect) (will smth bring the desired effect? ) e. g. “capital punishment will deter murder” “No because murder is an act of passion not logical contemplation” Absence test (no alleged cause) e. g. “violence in media brings real violence” “No media is not the cause because violence in people has been present way before media came around”
Opposing Relational Arguments Correlativity test If cause increases/decreases the effect will increase/decrease (causal connection) Alternativity Are there any other causes capable of the same or even a better effect?
Opposing Evaluative Arguments Challenging Definition e. g. “rise of China should not be feared because it is a mere demonstration of an improved standard of living”
Opposing Evaluative Arguments Challenging the standard used to evaluate the object e. g. “accumulation of power is innocuous as long as it is not used belligerently”
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