Open questions and issues in nuclear astrophysics And

Open questions and issues in nuclear astrophysics And the role of EURISOL…. Kerstin Sonnabend Darmstadt, Germany Presented by: Michael Hass, Weizmann, Israel Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Carmen Angulo CARINA Challenges and Advanced Research In Nuclear Astrophysics Kerstin Sonnabend Institut für Kernphysik, TU Darmstadt, Germany Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

CARINA activities Two CARINA workshops organized: – First workshop: „Perspectives in European Nuclear Astrophysics“, Parador d‘Aiguablava, Girona, Spain, June 8 th - 10 th, 2005 • 39 participants from ten countries • five review talks on astrophysical models (explosive burning and AGB/quiescent burning), nuclear models for astrophysics, experiments with RIB at LSF, and experiments at small facilities • short talks and discussions in working group sessions (plenary) • summary of the conclusions: – large variety of problems needs large variety of methods – specific tools needed for different nucleosynthesis scenarios – small-scale facilities as ‚feeders‘ to large-scale facilities – establish a ‚flagship‘ ISOL-type facility for nuclear astrophysics with gas targets, recoil separator, spectrometer, solid-state detectors, and g-ray detection systems available – find tentative lists of astrophysical sites and nuclear models for nuclear astrophysics Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

CARINA activities – Second workshop: „Frontier Research in European Nuclear Astrophysics“, Spaulomont, Spa, Belgium, April 25 th - 28 th, 2007 • 37 participants from 13 countries • 21 talks and five discussions (plenary) • workshop explored opportunities for new European facilities – agreement that additional facilities, specifically for nuclear astrophysics, are warranted and needed – lively discussion over strategy: should it be a dedicated nuclear astrophysics proposal, or complementary to a general nuclear physics proposal? – possibilities include: nuclear astrophysics labs network, an underground accelerator, a dedicated nuclear astrophysics separator for capture reactions, reclamation of radioisotopes, . . . Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Continuation of the CARINA network within FP 7 JRA-9 (P. J. Woods & M. Hass) NA-15 (S. Marrone & F. Käppeler) NA-16 (K. Sonnabend & C. Angulo) and tasks of N-NA 07 (Theory) related to Nuclear Astrophysics Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics Coordinator: K. Sonnabend, Darmstadt, Germany • Task 1 – Explosive Nucleo-Synthesis P. J. Woods, Edinburgh, UK, M. Hass, Weizmann, Israel • Task 2 - Reactions at Low Temperatures K. Sonnabend, Darmstadt, Germany • Task 3 - Nucleo-Synthesis in neutron capture processes S. Marrone, INFN Bari, Italy • Task 4 – Nuclear astrophysics annual meeting ENSAR meeting, Frankfurt, December 12 th, 2007 Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Novelty & Innovation Concentrate on special issues of interdisciplinary field of research Provide individual solutions for problems of special issues Use already available infrastructures Find and enhance synergetic effects Integrate it all in annual meetings Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Task 2 - Reactions at Low Temperatures K. Sonnabend, Darmstadt, Germany • e. g. - Solar reactions • Not necessarily RIB • Smaller laboratories (local) • Underground possibilities (“a la LUNA”) Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

The SNO (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory) Experiment A D 2 O Detector nx +e- nx+e- Elastic Mostly ne ne + d p + e- Only ne nx + d p + nx All flavors charge current neutral current YES!! PRL 87, 071301 (2001) PRL 89, 011301 (2002) PRL 92, 181301 (2004) “SMOKING GUN”!! Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Current status of S 17 - direct capture - determinations Recognized need for a new WI measurement at low energy… In progress… 7 Be(p, g)8 B “saga” not over yet…. . Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Summary of Coulomb Dissociation S 17 Results By Courtesy of T. Motobayashi Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass F. Schümann et al. Phys. Rev. C 73, 015806 (2006) N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

S 17 astrophysical factor - ANC - (R. Tribble) Transfer Determine C 2 by three approaches 8 B breakup JLM S 17=17. 4± 2. 1 e. Vb “standard” S 17=19. 6± 1. 2 e. Vb Ray S 17=20. 0± 1. 6 e. Vb Average: S 17=18. 7± 1. 9 e. Vb PRC ‘ 04 Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass · (7 Be, 8 B) proton transfer at 12 Me. V/u two targets: 10 B: S (0) = 18. 4 2. 5 e. Vb (PRL ’ 99) 17 14 N: S (0) = 18. 0 1. 8 e. Vb (PRC ’ 99; 17 PRC ‘ 06) Average: S 17 = 18. 2 1. 7 e. V b · 13 C(7 Li, 8 Li)12 C at 9 Me. V/u using mirror symmetry (PRC ‘ 03) S 17(0) = 17. 6 1. 7 e. Vb N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Results and Fits New LUNA Activity Result Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 122502 (2006) S 34(0) = 0. 53(2)(1) ke. V-b B. S. Nara Singh et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 262503 (2004). No compelling need to assume Systematic difference between prompt and activity determinations Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass • RMS ERNA in Bochum • Seattle N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Dedicated experiments to measure the 7 Be EC lines: Borexino etc… SNO Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

b. - Primordial 7 Li –SBBN (A. Coc, Orsay) Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Task 3 - Nucleo-Synthesis in neutron capture processes S. Marrone, INFN Bari, Italy n_TOF/Astrophysics: present & future Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass www. cern. ch/n_TOF stefano. marrone@ba. infn. it N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Nuclear Astrophysics Re/Os cosmo-chronometer Red Giants Nr = Nsolar – Ns Kerstin www. cern. ch/n_TOF Sonnabend – Michael Hass Supernovae stefano. marrone@ba. infn. it N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

The n_TOF-Ph 2 experiments 2008 and beyond Capture measurements Mo, Ru, Pd stable isotopes r-process residuals, isotopic patterns in Si. C grains Fe, Ni, Zn, and Se (stable isotopes) 79 Se s-process nucleosynthesis in massive stars nuclear data needs for structural materials A≈150 (isotopes varii) s-process branching points long-lived fission products 234, 236 U, 231, 233 Pa Th/U nuclear fuel cycle 235, 238 U standards, conventional U/Pu fuel cycle 239, 240, 242 Pu, 241, 243 Am, 245 Cm incineration of minor actinides (*) endorsed by CERN Isolde-n_TOF Committee, execution in 2008 Kerstin www. cern. ch/n_TOF Sonnabend – Michael Hass stefano. marrone@ba. infn. it N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

The second n_TOF beam line New Experimental Area (EAR-2) ~ 20 m present EAR 1 (at 185 m) Spallation Target Proton Beam • present EAR-1: Flight path ~185 m, Neutron Flux~106 n per proton bunch; High resolution in neutron energy. • new EAR-2: Flight path ~20 m at 90° with respect to p-beam; neutron flux enhanced by factor ~100; drastic reduction of backgrounds. Kerstin www. cern. ch/n_TOF Sonnabend – Michael Hass stefano. marrone@ba. infn. it N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Task 1 – Explosive Nucleo-Synthesis • Identification of the key reactions, including specification of the energy range and precision required for future experimental studies (leading institute: Barcelona). • Identification of the key technical developments required to deliver the highest priority radioactive beams to measure these reactions including exchange of technical ideas and coordination, of how and where developments should be best achieved (leading institute: Weizmann). • Identification of the key characteristics of design and construction of novel detector and spectrometer systems to measure these reactions including exchange of technical ideas and coordination of single activities (leading institute: Edinburgh). • Determination of key features of nuclear properties, nuclear reactions, and the nuclear equation of state for astrophysical simulations and their experimental and/or theoretical verification (leading institute: Basel). Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Secondary neutrons + fission BUT Also light RIB’s Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

…. . Fusion Reactions in the Sun: The CNO cycle 17 F 14 O Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass (a, p) v Proposed at GANIL N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Mass accretion from a companion into a neutron star (black hole). § Role of 14 O, 15 O and 18 Ne in the physics of x-ray bursts 4 He(15 O, g)19 NE M. Wiescher et al. Erice Conference, 2007 J. L. Fisker et al. , ar. Xiv: astro-ph/070241 Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

X-Ray Bursts and the “rp” process Courtesy of Joint Inst. For Nuclear Astrophysics (US) The rp process and x-ray bursts site of nucleosynthesis Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Recent Experiments (in progress) ISOLDE experiment IS 424 (Sept. ’ 07): (in collaboration with P. J. Woods et al. ). The use of a 17 F beam from the upgraded REX-ISOLDE facility to study the astrophysically important 14 O(α, p)17 F reaction in time reverse kinematics. • REX-ISOLDE + MINIBALL • Only ~ 103 17 F/s On-line data of p-g coincidences – Indicating the 1 st excited state of 17 F Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

GANIL experiment – accepted by GANIL PAC : (in collaboration with Marialuisa Aliotta et al. ) Plan to investigate the direct 14 O(a, p)17 F reaction at four different energies in the energy region Ecm = 1. 0 -2. 5 Me. V Calculated total S(E) factor. Constructive (+) and destructive (-) interference between the Jpp=16. 15 Me. V state and the direct l=1 partial wave contribution are shown. Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Long-learned lesson: “orders-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity of measurement – enhanced understanding and possibilities”. 14 N(d, 2 n)14 O cross section and yield for a 2 m. A deuteron beam 14 N(d, n)15 O cross section and yield for a 2 m. A deuterons beam But, extraction of atomic oxygen… Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

E(8 Li [Me. V]) 8 Li energies of interest 6 3 Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Examples of Reactions with RNB’s for Astrophysics • 8 B(p, g)9 C • 8 B(a, p)11 C • 9 C(a, p)12 N • 11 C(p, g)12 N Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Nucleosynthesis in AGB Stars - Maurizio M. Busso Perugia CNO, Ne-Na, Mg-Al Cycles Important experimental and theoretical work has addressed the CNO cycle……. . e. g. 14 N(p, g)15 O (see: Schroeder et al. 1987; Angulo et al. 2001) Runkle et al. 2002, Phys Rev C 66 Formicola et al. 2004, Phys. Lett. B. 591 Runkle et al. 2005, Phys Rev C 94 …. and of the hotter cycles of H-burning: e. g. for reacions on O isotopes and Na (leading to Mg-A) Fox et al. 2004, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93: 17 O+p Rowlad et al. 2004 Phys Rev. Lett 93: 23 Na+p Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

RECENT LUNA ACHIEVEMENTS ON CNO H. P. Trautvetter, ECT Nuclear Astrop. Workshop, (Trento, May 2004) Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Ne-Na and Mg-Al ‘cycles’ (p, g) (p, a) (p, g) But; effects on higher nuclei (26 Al) limited by minimal of 20 Ne production (at least with NACRE): Arnould et al. 1999. Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

Finances each specialized task (1 - 3): general annual meetings: 50 k€ 40 k€ support of coordinator: 4 k€ total costs: Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass 194 k€ N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics

General considerations to remember: • It is nuclear structure after all - masses, Q values, lifetimes, reaction theory, …. • Nuclear (astro) physics vs. “modeling” and “standard” astro. • Nuclear astrophysics as “motif” for many RIB facilities. BUT • How much time would a Facility devote to these timeconsuming experiments Kerstin Sonnabend – Michael Hass N-NA 06: Nuclear Astrophysics