Open Path Methods Albert J Heber Professor heber purdue

Open Path Methods Albert J. Heber, Professor heber@purdue. edu Ag. Air. Quality. com Building Environment Research & Education Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University

Biocurtain at Laying House Biocurtain over 3 fans Lab

Inside Biocurtain at Layer House

NRC Report on Air Emissions Global/Nat. Local Concern NH 3 Major Minor N-Dep/PM 2. 5 N 2 O Significant Insignificant Climate NOx Significant Minor Haze/Health CH 4 Significant Insignificant Climate VOCs Insignificant Minor Quality H 2 S Insignificant Significant Quality PM 10 Insignificant Significant Haze PM 2. 5 Insignificant Significant Health/Haze Odor Insignificant Major Quality

Comparing Open Path Sensors Type of Sensor FTIR UV OPL Detector cooling Cryocooler - - Path Length, m 400 150 -1000 2000 Monostatic Bistatic Monostatic NH 3, VOC*, CH 4 NH 3, H 2 S, Nox H 2 S or NH 3 1 1 4000 Mode Compounds Scan frequency, Hz Detection Limits Hydrogen sulfide Deuterium ppm-m 10 -30 0. 4 -5 6 -25 ppb 75 -600 2. 8 -33 3 -120 Linear upper range Ammonia ppm-m ppb Xenon 1. 5 2 2 2 -50 3 -20 1 -40 Linear upper range Models 903 BLS, TOM BLS

Type of Sensor Scanning FTIR UV OPL Yes ? Reflectors - 200 m 30 cube 400 m 60 cube 1000 m 90 cube Real-time quantification Small retro yes, w/ BLS yes Capital cost 140 K $20 K-$45 K $30 K Short term costs none Repump cooler, replace retros New source None Annually $7 K laser/7 yr. Annual costs Recalibration needs

FTIR with 48 -m Closed Cell q q Advantages § Measures greenhouse gases § Measures ammonia: MDL=<6 ppb, NO 2 § Measures dozens of other gases, SO 2 § Real-time measurement § Quick response: limited by cell volume Disadvantages § Expensive: $75, 000 § Heavy, non-portable

Scanning FTIR - Tomography q q q Layer house Horizontal scanning Vertical scanning

Source: Bruce Harris, U. S. EPA, 2004

Field Measurement of Air Pollutants Near Swine Confined Animal Feeding Operations using UV DOAS and FTIR C. D. Secrest (paper presented in 2000) q q Ambient ammonia concentrations 0. 8 km from a large swine facility with lagoons over a two week period were 0 to 900 ppb. An Iowa Study Group recommended that ambient exposure to ammonia should not exceed 150 ppb. The UV DOAS and FTIR were in good agreement. Open-path monitors combined with wind monitors are powerful tools for comparing daytime and nighttime pollutant concentrations, and for determining the effect of wind speed on concentration.

q q q Area sources -> diffuse plumes Open-path -> entire plume length An array paths maps the plume Source: Bruce Harris, U. S. EPA, 2004

OP-FTIR Measurement Paths for Path-Integrated Optical Remote Sensing (Tomography) wind Source: Bruce Harris, U. S. EPA, 2004

Oxford 10/15/99: average flux - 1. 12 g/s 14 0. 2 3 concentrations are in mg/m 0. 2 0. 4 0. 2 10 0. 6 0. 4 Height [meters] Controlled release simulation of an area source under unstable air conditions – worst case 0. 4 0. 6 0. 7 0. 1 0. 4 0. 3 0. 5 0. 1 120 160 Crosswind Distance [meters] 0. 1 0. 3 80 0. 5 40 0. 4 0 200 240 Oxford 10/15/99: Run #2 flux - 1. 15 g/s 3 2 concentrations are in mg/m 0. 14 10 0. 5 0. 3 0. 2 Height [meters] 0. 1 0. 4 0. 3 0. 5 6 0. 5 0. 2 0. 3 80 0. 3 40 0. 5 0 0. 6 2 0. 2 6 120 160 Crosswind Distance [meters] Oxford 10/15/99: Run #3 flux - 1. 01 g/s 14 concentrations are in mg/m 3 2 0. 7 0. 5 Source: Bruce Harris, U. S. EPA, 2004 80 0. 3 40 120 160 Crosswind Distance [meters] 0. 2 0 0. 7 2 0. 5 0. 2 6 0. 3 10 0. 2 Height [meters] 240 0. 1 3 concentrations are in mg/m 10 2 200 Oxford 10/15/99: Run #1 flux - 1. 22 g/s 14 3 Height [meters] 120 160 Crosswind Distance [meters] 0. Height [meters] 0. 6 80 0. 4 40 0. 3 Reconstructed plumes Actual release rate = 1. 7 g/s Calculated flux = 1. 2 g/s Measured σθ = 50. 7° Pasquill-Gifford Stability A - Unstable 0 0. 7 2 0. 2 6

Height [meters] Controlled release simulation of an area source under stable air conditions – best case Oxford 10/19/99: average flux - 1. 45 g/s 14 concentrations are in mg/m 3 10 2. 6 1. 8 3. 5 1. 8 2 0. 9 6 0 40 80 120 160 Crosswind Distance [meters] 200 240 concentrations are in mg/m 3 10 1. 9 0. 9 6 0 40 80 2. 8 3. 8 0. 9 2 120 160 Crosswind Distance [meters] 1. 9 Oxford 10/19/99: Run #2 flux - 1. 6 g/s Height [meters] 14 3 concentrations are in mg/m 10 1. 1 2. 1 6 1. 1 Reconstructed plumes Actual release rate = 1. 7 g/s Calculated flux = 1. 5 g/s Measured σθ = 12. 7° Pasquill-Gifford Stability C-D - Neutral Height [meters] Oxford 10/19/99: Run #1 flux - 1. 29 g/s 14 80 2. 1 40 3. 2 4. 2 0 1. 1 2 120 160 Crosswind Distance [meters] 200 240 Height [meters] Oxford 10/19/99: Run #3 flux - 1. 49 g/s 14 3 concentrations are in mg/m 10 10. 5 3. 5 7 3. 5 6 7 0 40 80 120 160 14 2 200 240 Height [meters] Crosswind Distance [meters] Oxford 10/19/99: Run #4 flux - 1. 75 g/s 14 3 concentrations are in mg/m 10 6 2 1 2. 9 3. 9 0 40 80 120 160 Crosswind Distance [meters] 2 2 1 Source: Bruce Harris, U. S. EPA, 2004 200 240

FTIR References Harris, D. B. , and E. L. Thompson, Jr. 1998. Evaluation of ammonia emission from swine operations in North Carolina. Proc. Emission Inventory-Living in a Global Environment, VIP-88, pp. 420 -429. AWMA, Pittsburgh, PA. Harris, D. B. , E. L. Thompson, Jr. , D. A. Kirchgessner, J. W. Childers, M. Clayton, D. F. Natschke, W. J. Phillips. 1999. Multi-pollutant concentration mapping around a concentrated swine production facility using open-path FTIR spectrometry. Workshop on Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds II: Emissions, Transport, Transformation, Deposition and Assessment, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, pp. 237 -246. Childers, J. W. , E. L. Thompson, Jr. , D. B. Harris, D. A. Kirchgessner, M. Clayton, D. A. Natschke, W. J. Phillips. 2001. Multi-pollutant measurements around a concentrated swine production facility using open-path spectrometry. Atm. Env. 35: 1023 -1936. Childers, J. W. , Thompson, E. L. , Jr. , Harris, D. B. , Kirchgessner, D. A. , Clayton, M. , Natschke, D. A. , Phillips, W. J. (2001) Application of standardized quality control procedures to open-path fourier transform infrared data collected at a concentrated swine production facility. Env. Science & Tech. 35: 1859 -1866. Source: Bruce Harris, U. S. EPA, 2004

FTIR References Childers, J. W. , E. L. Thompson, Jr. , D. B. Harris, D. A. Kirchgessner, M. Clayton, D. A. Natschke, W. J. Phillips. 2000. Comparison of an innovative algorithm to classical least squares for analyzing open-path fourier transform infrared spectra collected at a concentrated swine production facility. Appl. Spect. 56: 325 -336. Hashmonay, R. A. , D. A. Natschke, K. Wagoner, D. B. Harris, E. L. Thompson, Jr. , M. G. Yost. 2001. Field evaluation of a method for estimating gaseous fluxes from area sources using open-path fourier transform infrared. Env. Sci. Tech. 35: 2309 -2313. Harris, D. B. , E. L. Thompson, Jr. , Vogel, C. A. , Hashmonay, R. A. , Natschke, D. A. , Wagoner, K. Yost, M. G. Innovative approach for measuring ammonia and methane fluxes from a hog farm using open-path fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 94 th Annual Conf. of the AWMA, VIP-102 -CD, AWMA, Pittsburgh, PA 2001. Hashmonay, R. A. and D. B. Harris. 2001. Particulate matter measurements using openpath Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 94 th Annual Conference of the Air & Waste Management Association, VIP-102 -CD, AWMA, Pittsburgh, PA. Harris, D. B. , R. C. Shores, L. G. Jones. Ammonia Emission Factors from Swine Finishing Operations. Int. Emissions Inventory Conference, “One Atmosphere, One Inventory, Many Challenges. ” www. epa. gov/ttn/chief/conferences/ei 10/index. html. Source: Bruce Harris, U. S. EPA, 2004

Notice that a complete flux measurement (flux sampling of plume to large height) overestimates the flux by ~ 10% (this is because of the neglect of turbulent flux) Neutral Stability Flux measurement plane Wind ponds C plume in neutral conditions along measurement plane sheds Source: Lowry Harper USDA-ARS, 2004 25 m ponds sheds 15 m 5 m

Notice that even if you go to z=50 m you don’t capture all the flux Unstable (daytime) Flux measurement plane Wind C plume in unstable conditions along measurement plane Source: Lowry Harper USDA-ARS, 2004 Smeared plume 25 m 15 m 5 m

Stable (nighttime) Flux measurement plane Wind C plume in stable conditions along measurement plane Source: Lowry Harper USDA-ARS, 2004 25 m 15 m 5 m

Backward Lagrangian Stochastic (BLS) Dispersion Models q q q q Backward Lagrangian Stochastic Modeling Introduced by Flesch, T. K. , and J. D. Wilson. 1995. Backward-time Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models and their application to estimate gaseous emissions. J. Applied Meteorology 34: 1320 -1332. Utilizes point or line measurement Ultrasonic or cup anemometers Flexible and easy to use. Surface layer model. Locate < 1 km. Commercial software available www. thunderbeachscientific. com

UV-DOAS q q q q Ultraviolet Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy 1 -1000 ppb path length Fast scanning, compact, tunable EPA Equivalent Method for SO 2, O 3 and NO 2. Also measures ammonia, benzene, toluene, xylenes, styrene, Hg, HF, HNO 2, HCHO Continuous operation MDL for ammonia = 2. 8 to 5. 8 ppb Source: Myers, J. , T. Kelly, C. Lawrie, and K. Riggs. 2000. ETV Technology Evaluation Report. Opsis, Inc. AR-500 Ultraviolet Open-Path Monitor. ETV Advanced Monitoring Systems Center, Battelle.

EPA Lab for Ambient Measurements TEOM UV-DOAS TEOM 1 -min averaging and recording intervals UV-DOAS MET tower

Collocated UV’s

Micromet Setup at Lagoons FTIR & Tomography UV & BLS FTIR & BLS Source: Bruce Harris, U. S. EPA, 2004

Equipment Required per Team q q q Two FTIR scanning systems with 20 retros Two UV systems Four computers for optical remote sensors One computer for data QAQC and analysis Two 3 D ultrasonic anemometers (2 and 12 m) Complete weather station Two, 12 -m towers for FTIR/UV systems One, 2 m tower for ultrasonic anemometer Software for computed tomography method Software for BLS method Van and trailer

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