OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY by Abdrakhmanova Kamilya Nguen Hong

OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY by Abdrakhmanova Kamilya Nguen Hong Ngok Fazullina Aisylu Khanaeva Landysh

Old English Vocabulary Germanic

Native Words Common IE words Common Germaniс words Specifically OE words

Common IE words eolk-elk mona-moon beard-beard

Germaniс tribes Baltic and Slovanic Italic and Celtic

Common Germaniс words NATURE SEA

Specifically OE words Simple words: BRID( BIRD) CLIPIAN (CALL) Compounds: wifman/wimman wib ( OHG) man (OE) vif (O Icel) mann (Gt) wife (NE) man (NE)

Foreign Element in the OE Vocabulary CELTIC LATIN

Borrowings from Celtic Kingdoms: Kent, Deira, Bernicia Celtic tribes Rivers: Ouse, Exe, Esk, Avon, Thames, Stour Dover Celtic

Place-names: -comb, “deep valley” Batcombe, Duncombe, Winchcombe -torr “high rock” Torr, Torcross -llan “church” Llandaff, Llanelly -pill “creeck” Pylle, Huntsprill

Latin influence on the Old English Vocabulary

3 periods of Latin Influence: Continental Borrowing (Latin Influence on the Zero Period) 1 -5 cent A. D. o Latin through Celtic Transmission (Latin Influence on the First Period) o The Christianizing of Britain (Latin Influence on the Second period) o

Continental Borrowing War: “camp” (L. campus)- battle “pil” (L. pilum)- javelin(метательное копьё) “straet” (L. strata) –road “mil” (L. milia) – mile “weall” (L. vallum) – wall Trade and Agriculture: “cēapian”-to trade “cēap” – deal from the L. “CAUPO” “cēapman” –trader “win” (L. vinum) – wine “mynet” (L. moneta)-mint, coin

Units of measurements and containers: “pund” (L. Pondo) – pound “ynce” (L. uncia) – inch Domestic life: “cuppe” (L. cuppa) –cup “disc” (L. discus) – dish “pily” (L. pulvinus) – pillow “cycene” (L. coquina) –kitchen “linen” (L. lincum) – linen “gimm” (L. gemma) – gem (жемчужина)

Foods: “ciese” (L. caseus) – cheese “butere” (L. butyrum) – butter “pipor” (L. piper) – pepper “senep (L. sinapi) – mustard “cires” (L. cerasus) – cherry “plume” (L. prunus) - plum “minte” (L. mentha) – mint

Latin through Celtic Transmission

caster, ceaster (L. castra= camp(ME) ) → Chester, Dorchester, Lancaster, Manchaster. L. colonia(settlement for retired soldiers): Colchester, Lincoln (Latin-Celtic hybrid) L. vicus (village) – Norwich, Woolwich L. portus – Bridport, Devonport Latin+ Germanic components: Portsmouth, Greenport, Greenwich, etc.

Latin Influence in the period of Christianizing of Britain

The Latin words, which entered the English language during the last period fall into 2 main groups: Words connected with religion Words connected with learning

Religion words OE apostol NE apostle From L apostolus From Gr apostolos antefn anthem antiphona biscop bishop episcopus episcopos candel candle candēla clerec clerk clēricus klerikos dēofol devil diabolus diabolos mæsse mass missa mynster minster monastērium munuc monk monachus monachos

Words connected with learning OE scόl NE school L schola scόlere scholar scholāris māʒister master, teacher magister fers verse versus dihtan “compose” dictare

Other loan-words of the period Names of trees and plants: elm, lily, plant, pine Medical terms: cancer, fever, paralysis, plaster Names of animals: camel, elephant, tiger Names of foods: beet, caul, oyster, radish Names of clothes; household articles: cap, mat, sack, sock

Translation-loans OE Mōnan-dæʒ (Monday) ‘day of the moon’, L Lunae dies; T īwes -dæʒ ‘day of Tiw’, L Martis dies(TīW – A Teutonic God corresponding to Roman Mars) OE ʒōdspell (NE gospel) ‘good things’ OE priness (lit. ‘three-ness), NE Trinity OE tunʒolcræft ‘astronomy’, lit. ‘the knowledge of stars’ (L. astronomos)

Phonetic Peculiarities Early Latin words participated in the phonetic changes, e. g. : in disc and cīese the consonants |sk| and |k’| were palatalised and changed into |ʃ | and |ʧ| (NE dish, cheese) Some later borrowings, e. g. scōl, scōlere didn’t participate in the change and |sk| remained. Stems of some L. borrowings were used in derivation and word-compounding : L. fers – fersian (versify) L. plant –plantian (plant) L. martyp + attaching native suffixes = martypdōm, martyphād L. -E. hybrids : ciriceʒeard(NE churchyard) кладбище, mynster-hām(lit. monastery home), minster-man (monk) монах

Etymological Layers of the Old English Vocabulary

Three main types 1) e. g land, sin 3 an, 3ōd (NE land, sing, good)

2) e. g be-3 innan (NE begin)

3) e. g mann - cynn (NE mankind)

Ways of word formation Derivation Word-composition

Sound interchanges rīdan v – rād n [i: ~a: ], NE ride, raid Palatal mutation : a) nouns and verbs: fōd – fēdan (NE food – feed) b) adjectives and verbs: full – fyllan (NE full – fill) c) nouns and adjectives: long – lenзþu (NE long, length).

Word stress Ond-’ swarian V. - ‘ond- swaru N.

Prefixation E. g negative prefix UN From prepositions and adverbs : e. g mis-, be-, ofer-; e. g. : weorðan – for-weorðan v, forwyrð n (become, perish, destruction) e. g. зe- as a marker of the Past Participle sittan - 3 e-sett (NE sit)

Suffixation

Suffixation Etymologically OE suffixes can be traced to 3 sources : 1. Old stem-suffixes 2. Derivational suffixes 3. New suffixes

Types of suffixes Noun suffixes: - suffixes of “agent nouns” (“nomina agentis”) - suffixes of abstract nouns Suffixes of adjectives

Suffixes of “agent nouns” - a: hunta (ME – hunter) - end: frẽond, fỉend (ME – friend, fiend) -ere: fiscere, leornere (ME – fisher, learner)

Suffixes of abstract nouns - nes/-nis: beorhtnes (brightness), blindnis (blindness) -ung/-ing : bodian – bodung (‘preach’ – ‘preaching’), earnian – earnung (‘earn” – earning)

-dōm, -hād, -lāc and some others; e. g. frēodōm (NE freedom), cīldhād (NE childhood), wedlāc (NE wedlock).

Common adjective suffixes include: -ful (cearu ‘care, sorrow’, cearful ‘sorrowful’) -ig (blōd ‘blood’, blōdig ‘bloody’) -isc (cild ‘child’, cildisc ‘childish’) -lēas (hlāford ‘lord’, hlāfordlēas ‘lordless’) -lic (wundor ‘wonder, miracle’, wundorlic ‘wonderful, miraculous’) Many adverbs end in: -e (heard ‘hard, fierce’, hearde ‘fiercely’) -līce (hrædlic ‘quick’, hrædlīce ‘quickly’) Abstract nouns often end in: -dōm (wīs ‘wise’, wīsdōm ‘wisdom’) -hād (cild ‘child’, cildhād ‘childhood’) -nes (beorht ‘bright’, beorhtnes ‘brightness’) -scipe (frēond ‘friend’, frēondscipe ‘friendship’)

Word-Composition

Two types of the word-composition Morphological (primary) compound e. g. OE mid-niht and midd-e-niht (‘midnight’) Syntactic (secondary) compound e. g. OE Oxena-ford ‘oxen’s ford (Oxford)

Noun plus noun manncynn (ME mankind)

Compound nouns with adjectivestems as the first components e. g. wīd-sǽ ‘ocean’ (wide sea).

Noun-stem plus adjective dōm-зeorn (“eager for glory”)

“Bahuvruhi type”(adjective plus noun e. g. mildheort‘merciful’.