OLD ENGLISH VERB made by Tugizbayeva Akaisha group

OLD ENGLISH VERB made by: Tugizbayeva Akaisha group : 119 -24

CONTENTS l l l l INTRODUCTION 1 OE MORPHOLOGY. THE VERB 1. 1 The grammatical categories of the OE verb 1. 2 Morphological classes of the verbs in OE 2 Morphological Comparison of Old English and Modern English verbs 2. 1 Formation of verb categories 2. 2 Comparative analysis of the Modern English and Old English language into the plays of Shakespear 2. 3 The verb in Old English epic poem Beowulf CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION l l. The topicality. The history of the English language (HEL) is taught at English departments the world over, and English historical linguistics is a discipline with a very active international research community. The focus of research in the field seems to have gravitated from the earlier, medieval varieties to Early and, quite recently, Modern English. A very recent addition grammars is An Introductory Grammar of Old English with an Anthology of readings by Robert Dennis Fulk, Professor of English at Indiana University Bloomington. Professor Fulk is ideally suited for writing a grammar of Old English and compiling an anthology of Anglo-Saxon literature to accompany the linguistic description. This theme covers a wide range of issues related to changes in grammar of the English language. Grammatical categories of the Old English verb are the subject of numerous works of general and specific nature on theory and history of the grammatical structure of the English language. The study of this problem was thoroughly studied by such prominent foreign linguists as Ilyish B. A. , Smirnitsky, and many others. The verb in the Old English language and its specific weight, and the number and methods of formation of grammatical forms – the central part of speech. l. The goal of the research -to study of the morphological system of the verb in the old English period analyse the use of categories of the Old English verb in a context, to show their essence. l. Achievement of the aim of the study requires a number of tasks: l 1. To consider the basic grammatical categories of the Old English verb. l 2. To give determination to every category of the Old English verb. l 3. To consider application of grammatical categories of the Old English verb in a certain context. l 4. To analyze and systematization of the features of the grammatical structures of the English language from the ancient period to the present. l. The object of the research – the history of the English Language. l. The subject of the research – grammatical categories of the Old English verb.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF THE VERB l l number (singular, plural ) Person (1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd distinguished only in the Singular of the Present Tense) mood (Imperative, Indicative, Subjunctive) tense (Present, Past)

NON-FINITE FORMS Infinitive OE helpan (Nom. ) - OE to helpenne (Dat. ) l Participle: l Participle I – present, active l Participle II – past, passive (from the transitive verbs), active (from the intransitive verbs) l

SUMMARY TABLE Gram. Categories Finite Forms Mood Indicative, Imperative, ----Subjunctive Tense Past, Present Voice ----Number Singular & Plural Non-finite forms Participle Person 1, 2, 3 in the Indicative -----Mood, Singular Case ---- Infinitive & Participle Gender ---- Participle

MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS l Strong verbs Weak verbs Preterit – present verbs Suppletive verbs l Anomalous, or irregular verbs l l l

STRONG VERBS l Four principal forms: Infinitive, Past Singular (for the 1 st and 3 rd pers. sg. ), Past Plural (for the 2 nd and plural), Participle II l Seven classes: five classes due to the ablaut (the gradation of root-vowels); class 6 – quantitative changes (a-ō-o-a); class 7 – reduplication (the doubling of the root in the Past tense stems)

DIFFERENT ADDED SOUNDS IN THE CLASSES OF VERBS l l l l 1–i 2–u 3 – sonorant + h or another consonant 4 – sonorant in the root 5 – noise consonant in the root 6 – quantitative ablaut: IE o - ō, Germ. a – ō 7 – reduplication of the first consonant of the root + ai>e in the Past Tense; the root is a long monophthong or a long diphthong.

CLASSES OF STRONG VERBS Principal forms Infinitive Past Singular Past Plural Participle II Mod. E 1. i writan writon write 2. u (a) ceosan (b) bugan ceas beag curon bugon coren bogen choose bow 3. Son+cons (a) findan fand fundon funden find (b) helpan healp hulpon holpen help (c) feohtan feaht fuhton fohten fight 4. Son. beran bæron boren bear 5. Noise Cons. (a) cweþan cwæþ cwædon cweden 'say' (obs. quoth) (b)sittan sæton seten sit 6. long scacan scōc scocon scacen shake 7. redupl. (a) hatan het (heht) heton (hehton) haten 'call', 'name' (b) growan greowon growen grow Classes

WEAK VERBS (1) l Three principal forms: Infinitive, Past, Participle II l Three classes (dental suffix –d / -ed; no vowel interchange)

WEAK VERBS (2) The 1 st class (non-productive): derivatives a) of nouns: dēman ← dōm, b) of adjectives: fyllan ← full, c) of the Past Sg of strong verbs (with causative meaning): sittan – sæton – seten = sit, sæt + jan > settan = set l

IRREGULAR WEAK VERBS OF THE 1 ST CLASS l l l had -an in the infinitive, -de or -te in the past form, -ed, in the participle. tellan (ea ← breaking before -ld); Þencan – þōhte – þoht (think) (*þankjan – þankde – þankd)

WEAK VERBS (3) l l The 2 nd class (the most numerous one) took : -ian for the infinitive -ode and -od for its past and participle II. (productive): stem-suffix ō lufian ← *luf-ō-jan

WEAK VERBS (4) The 3 rd class (non-productive): l included very few verbs. Morphologically it resembled the first class, but unlike it the dental suffix of the participle was added to the root without any vowel. l habban (have), libban (live), secgan (say) 1) habban – hæfde – hæfd 2) libban – lifde – lifd 3) secgan – sægde – sægd l

WEAK VERBS IN OLD ENGLISH Principal forms Infinitive Past Tense Participle 11 NE -an/ -ian -de/-ede/-te -ed/-d/-t stir (a)styrian styrede styred (b)temman temede temed tame (c)deman demde demed deem (d)cepan cepte ceped keep -ian -ode -od look locian locode locod -an -de -d libban lifde lifd Classes I II III live

PRETERITE–PRESENT VERBS the Present Tense - according to the Past Tense of strong verbs, l the Past Tense – according to the Past Tense of weak verbs (dental suffix) l Modern English modal verbs (OE cunnan – Mod. E can) l

SUPPLETIVE VERBS (GO, BE) l To build their forms these verbs used several roots. This group of OE verbs was the smallest. There were only two verbs of this kind: Infin. – Past – Part. II l gān – ēode – gān (or ge-gān) = go bēon/wesan – wæs, wæron – bēn = be l

ANOMALOUS VERBS (WILL, DO) l l l All these verbs came from an Indo-European group of athematic verbs which were drastically reorganised in Germanic. 4 verbs: don ' do', gan ' go', willan ' will' and beon 'be'. Infin. – Past – Part. II dōn – dyde – dōn (ge-dōn) = do gān – ēode – gān (ge- gān) = go willan – wolde --= will bēon – wæs – bēon (ge- bēon) = be

2 Morphological Comparison of Old English and Modern English verbs 2. 1 Formation verb categories of voice and mood The verb are used to show action, like Modern English "do" or "make" or "sing"; or to show an event, like Modern English "happen"; or to show a state, like Modern English "be", "become", and "seem". In Modern English, verbs are conjugated. Conjugation is similar to declension - it's when you change a verb a bit to add some extra meaning to it. We conjugate verbs when we add "-s" to a third person singular verb: "I kick" but then "she kicks"; we also conjugate when we change the vowel of some verbs to show that it happened in that past: "I am singing" but "I sang"; or when we add "-ed" to other verbs to show that they happened in the past: "she kicked". Verbs in Old English were also conjugated, but much more so than in Modern English. They were conjugated according to tense (the time when the verb happens, like Modern English "sing" (now) and "sang" (in the past)), person (who is doing the verb - you, me, or John? ), number (how many are doing the verb), and mood (mood reflects different circumstances pertaining to the action of the verb - whether or not it is certain that the verb happened, or just speculative, etc. - "He did come" but then "Maybe he came").

In Old English prefix - ze gave completeness. The ME prefix - ze transformed into - y. Its use becomes irregular, and the value blurred. Since the late Middle English texts found in the examples of the use of indirect and prepositional supplements as a subject in the passive construction. The angel ys tolde the words (The angel is told the words) In Middle English, synthetic forms of the subjunctive become almost homonymous forms of the indicative mood. This homonymy stimulated the development of other means to indicate the problematic actions and contrary to the reality. Only in the 18 th century, these combinations acquire a specific meaning - the unfinished process of limited duration.

Modal verbs (sculan, willan) and comparison degree (more , most) The Old English period, there is a combination of verbs sculan and willan with infinitive. But at the time these verbs in such combinations are expressed predominantly modal value (expressed shall and will). In Middle English modal value in these combinations weakened. (shall - 1 person, will - all persons). In the middle of the XVII century it was made a rule for regular alternation shall and will, depending on the person. This can serve as proof that shall and in such combinations will not have varied in value. Another proof desemantization (loss of value) shall and will verbs is that they phonetic reduction ( 'll) -. That is, does not matter what will or shall. The emergence of an analytical form the degrees of comparison (with more) can be explained by the influence of the prevailing at the time the language of rhythm that does not allow accumulation of more than two syllables in a single word stress, which was consistent pattern by this time, and the appearance of three-syllable adjectives with the suffix -er, -est proved in sharp contrary to the established rhythm of the language. Therefore we began to use more and most.

2. 2 Comparative analysis of the Middle English and Modern English language an example Shakespeare's plays 1. Transfer of a word from one grammatical category to another. In English, one word can be a noun and an adjective, and verb. The era of Shakespeare stands out in this respect. That was the time when a huge number of words have been assigned new grammatical function. Among his contemporaries, Shakespeare and here comes first. Shakespeare's language imagery due, including exactly what his word is particularly easy to move from one grammatical category to another. So, for example, any noun or adjective can be formed by a verb (usually in the active sense), which was generally characteristic of Elizabethan authors: "And 'gins to pale his uneffectual fire. " (I, ). From the adjective "pale" Shakespeare forms the verb to "pale" (do pale). From the noun "night" Shakespeare forms the shape of the sacrament "nighted (benighted)": "Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted colour off" (I, ), which means "thy night-like colour".

The system forms of the perfect. The system forms the perfect tense, which arose in Old English, continues to develop in Modern English period. In Shakespeare there is a developed system of perfect forms: "I know the good king and queen have sent for you. ” During the early English and late English period there is a further restriction of the use of the verb "to be" as an auxiliary verb analytical forms of the perfect tense. Moreover, the increasingly common formation of the passive forms of many intransitive verbs, and the latter is always formed with the verb "to be". However, in fast colloquial speech in the 3 -d person singular perfect tense of both forms coincide in sound respect: as the "is" and "has" be reduced to [z]. However, Shakespeare sometimes there are forms of the perfect tense of verbs of motion with the auxiliary verb "to be": "My hour is almost come. ” (I, 5) "The actors are come hither, my lord. ” (II, 2)

2. 3 The verb in Old English epic poem Beowulf The epic poem Beowulf deals with Anglo-Saxon poetic diction and technique in general terms. The position of Anglo-Saxon studies in the 1920’s. The main crux in the study of Anglo-Saxon poetic works is shown to be an understanding of the Anglo-Saxon language made more difficult by a scarcity of Anglo-Saxon works. In the seventh and eighth centuries, the many important libraries set up at the time, the centers of learning, the monastery schools, the appearance of saints and scholars, are mentioned in support of the claim that Beowulf was written in a period of marked intellectual achievements. Semantics is defined, and several words, including wineleas, daegwoma, widewe, lencten, cealdheort, serve to illustrate the role of etymology in the understanding of Anglo-Saxon words. The allusion inherent in brunecg is explained in terms of knowledge of the tempering of steel. Explain the meaning of verb “wala”, a word appearing in line 1031 of Beowulf. The multiplicity of meanings of some Anglo-Saxon words and the difficulty in arriving at a precise understanding of then is illustrated by way of thirteen Anglo-Saxon words and their eighty-seven possible modern English equivalents. A conclusion is reached that the function of the dictionary is not usually to give the historical sense of words.

CONCLUSION l l l English verb system from the VII century to the present day is a part of the continuous and regular development of all English language. This allows us to talk about the English verb system as a system, directly and gradually growing out of each of the preceding period of the system. And every time the verb system is characterized by some specific features in comparison with the system of the previous period. But on the other hand, the new system saves a significant part of the system from which it arises. l All the features of English verbs that were reported in this study allows to distinguish three phases in terms of periodization of the history of the formation of the English verb system. l Summing up, it should be noted: l 1. English verb system has changed considerably throughout history, but, nevertheless, it continues to maintain its basic traits of Germanic language group. l 2. Despite the fact that the English verb for the whole period of its development was influenced by a variety of languages, he came out the winner in all cases and continued to develop according to its own internal laws. l 3. Changes that have occurred in the area of the English verb system is slow and gradual, and elements of the old quality of dying out, and new quality components gradually accumulate and eventually led to a significant qualitative change typologically throughout the verb system. l. And as an illustration to this conclusion confirms our idea, we gave an example of the Old English epic poem Beowulf and the Middle English Shakespeare's works. William Shakespeare in his works actively uses the Old English grammar and language of Modern English. As for the morphological features of Shakespeare's language, the word he easily passes from one grammatical category to another. It is very enriching, makes it more succinct and colorful, colorful language of his works, appealing to the reader and inimitable masterpiece of literature.

BIBLIOGRAPHY l l l l l 1. R. D. Fulk & Christopher M. Cain, A History of Old English Literature, Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester 2013. 2. R. D. Fulk, An Introduction to Middle English: Grammar, Texts, Broadview Press: Peterborough, Ontario 2012. 3. Richard M. Hogg & R. D. Fulk, A Grammar of Old English, Volume 2: Morphology, Wiley. Blackwell: Chichester 2011. 4. R. D. Fulk, Robert E. Bjork & John D. Niles (eds), Klaeber’s Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg, University of Toronto Press: Toronto 2008. 5. Peter S. Baker, Introduction to Old English, Blackwell: Malden 2007. 6. Lass, Roger. “Phonology and morphology. ” Volume III of The Cambridge History of the English Language. 1999. 7. Miller, Jim (2002), An Introduction to English Syntax, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 8. Yartsev V. N “History of the English literary language IX - XV centuries” - M. , 1961 - p. 112 – 120 9. Hope, Jonathan. Shakespeare’s grammar. London: Arden Shakespeare, 2003.