Officiating High School Volleyball Doing It Right… [Notes to accompany DVD from www. vbofficiating. com] 1
INTRODUCTION This video offers some great information about officiating high school volleyball. The narrator is USAV National Referee Jim Beyer. Be sure to jot any questions on your handout for a discussion afterwards. 2
CHALLENGE The DVD uses the services of officials who have been asked to demonstrate some scripted scenarios. Keep in mind the point being illustrated in each segment of the video, and try to identify and don’t hesitate to critique the signals, mechanics, techniques and protocols that are shown. Identifying both good and bad things that other officials do can help you grow your own officiating as well as sharpen your mechanics and better understand techniques and proper procedures as communicated through the NFHS Rules Book and Case Book/Manual. 3
Becoming the Best Official That You Can Be The intent was to facilitate a video volleyball clinic for high school referees and umpires. It is intended to provide information to help you be the best official you can be and: l l Encourage a dialogue between you and a mentor Aid in small group discussions about officiating Provide a tool for local volleyball associations to use in helping to train officials, and Offer training that a state association could choose to use with coaches and officials to promote common understandings 4
Officiating High School Volleyball l This video was developed for high school volleyball officials in order to: l l l Provide consistency in presentations Assist in improvement of officials’ performance while maintaining the highest standards of professionalism of the sport Be used in conjunction with NFHS Rules Book and the NFHS Case Book & Manual 5
Officiating High School Volleyball Overview l There are many factors to officiate a high school volleyball contest: l l l To become an official, you must obtain a state license or certification, and should strive to attain the highest level possible You must maintain this certification by meeting annual requirements including attending meetings You must adhere to NFHS Rules in your officiating and any adaptations your state may have adopted 6
Officiating High School Volleyball Preparation l Begins before season gets close through making a commitment to offering quality officiating and includes: l l l Developing a Realistic Schedule Constantly Assessing Your Skill Level Understanding How to Get Matches 7
Officiating High School Volleyball Develop a Realistic Schedule l l l Your ability to get matches starts by understanding who makes matches available and when they may become available, and this varies from state to state Your state association may provide information to help Working with local volleyball association assigners is key Some leagues or conference commissioners may have matches to offer Local school administrators (Athletic Directors/designees) who don’t use an assigner may have matches to offer 8
Officiating High School Volleyball Develop a Realistic Schedule l l l Avoid attempting to work matches that are well beyond your current ability (assess your skill level constantly) Working a match for which you’re not ready can cause a lack of confidence in you and affect future contracts Honor your contracts (this is a statement about your integrity) Keep a notebook/planner so you can accept/reject dates quickly and to ensure you show up to all your matches NEVER, EVER double book: honesty is paramount 9
Officiating High School Volleyball Working Toward Advancement l l l When get a chance to work higher-level match and you’re already booked, the assignment you accepted is binding Consult your assigner/mentor if you have any questions Even if you could find a suitable replacement and get released, this might not be the right thing to do Asking to be released to work another match can cost you future contracts and is not the professional thing to do Contact partner and host school no later than a week before match to ensure information you have is accurate 10
Officiating High School Volleyball Know the Rules and Be a Student of the Game l l l Study the rules before each season begins Consider attending higher-level matches when you are not working including college women’s volleyball to learn current playing techniques and skills Attend your local association meetings and use this time to grow your knowledge and lock in the new rules Ask questions and keep reading, thinking about and discussing the rules throughout the season Work matches – “Experience is the best teacher” 11
Officiating High School Volleyball Learn a Practical Approach to Theory l l l To be the best you can be requires a practical approach to theory – knowledge of the rules is not enough Each rule has an intent, and the rules – taken together – provide broad guidance to officials Rules represent theory, and practical rule application is what moves you toward becoming an effective official Understand why you are officiating and what your role is in high school volleyball Learn how match facilitation provides better officiating and puts matches in the hands of the student-athletes 12
Officiating High School Volleyball Learn a Practical Approach to Theory l l l Observe higher-level matches to get a feel for match flow, how skills are applied and judged in terms of legality Get a feel not so much for what should be called but for what should not be called Practice proper officiating mechanics and use of signals that look professional and that communicate effectively Use of proper mechanics is necessary to conduct a match that benefits all who participate Use a mirror to catch bad signaling habits 13
Officiating High School Volleyball Perception Is Reality l l l Your character and conduct will always be under scrutiny Don’t show the type of casual and unprofessional behavior that the official in the video is showing with feet up at the officials’ table, talking on a cell phone At no time should your give the impression of partiality, comment on the performance of a team or fellow official or accept a match at a school in which you have a personal affiliation 14
Officiating High School Volleyball Teamwork and a Cooperative Attitude l l l Your pledge to give your best effort, support your partner and keep emotions in check must be constant These are part of teamwork and a cooperative attitude Make impartial decisions, recognizing the possibility errors may occur Reflect on situations after the match so your attention is on that next call Do not allow yourself to be distracted or influenced by players, coaches or spectators 15
Officiating High School Volleyball Impartiality l l l Maintain the highest level of professionalism Again, perception is reality Over-familiarity is as harmful as being unapproachable or showing an air of superiority Slap on the hands with player can be seen as bias The hand-in-the-face to the coach is inappropriate 16
Officiating High School Volleyball Plan to Leave the Court Together l l l After performing necessary tasks at the conclusion of the match (signing/initialing scoresheet), you should plan to gather your belongings and leave together Try to use a non-spectator exit Neither avoid nor seek contact with coaches or players At no time, are public comments to be made concerning the match to anyone Report any irregularities or unsportsmanlike incidents immediately to your state association and assigner 17
Officiating High School Volleyball Reflecting upon the Match l l Keeping a journal of an honest assessment of your performance and experience can pay rich dividends for future matches No matter what level, each match deserves your best effort Take time for a post-match discussion to grow your officiating Arrange your post-match when you have your prematch with your partner 18
Officiating High School Volleyball Violations Must Be Penalized l l When violations occur, they must be penalized Where actions or words could be used to prevent a violation, officials are permitted to issue a warning before there is a violation that has to be penalized Preventive officiating includes warnings, reminders, seeking information and, if need be, ignoring and denying requests that do not give an advantage to either team This concludes the Overview (Chapters 1 and 2) 19
THE CLINIC Three Main Areas of Responsibility/Focus: l l l Pre-Match (Chapter 3 begins at 7: 05) During the Match Post-Match 20
Pre-Match Develop an Entrance Plan with Your Partner l l l No later than a week before the match, contact partner and host school to verify details Ensure accuracy of information you are going by Initial information could be wrong so assume nothing This communication establishes the cooperative team effort that promotes the importance of the match Don’t leave messages on answering machines or email without asking for a reply Have cell phone numbers of your partner, assigner and host management to deal with unforeseen delays 21
Pre-Match Arrival at the Site l l Ideally, establish a time to meet to ride together or meet at the location If at all possible, meet and walk in together (reinforces concept of teamwork) Ensure time for pre-match discussion with partner to set expectations and understandings Delay in arrival should be the exception, not the norm 22
Pre-Match Arrival at the Site l l Minimize outside contact with anyone other than event manager, typically the Athletic Director or designee of the home school and might be one of the home coaches Find this individual and find out where host management will be available before, during and after the match Identify secure room for dressing/storage of belongings Before (or after) getting dressed, go over any special ground rules, inspect the court and equipment and identify any special promotions that might affect the timing of the matches including delay in starting time 23
Pre-Match Arrival at the Site l l l If the host school has provided a private and secure area, hopefully with bathroom and shower facilities, this can be a good place to conduct the pre-match meeting Find out if water will be provided anything from concessions but do not push the concessions issue Pre-match discussion with partner sets expectations and creates understandings – this occurs most comfortably in private but if a partner is delayed may have to occur courtside 24
Pre-Match Discussion l l l Can use a pre-match checklist which is available at www. vbofficiating. com Before the officials go to the court, they should meet in private to discuss referee and umpire responsibilities This is a key time for creating understandings between the officials so they can function as a team throughout the match 25
Pre-Match Discussion Checklist (Chapter 4, 9: 17) l l Referee/Umpire Pre-Match Conference is led by the referee Maintain eye contact/communication before, during and after every rally (centering, part of referee’s scan) Deer-in-the-headlights look (umpire takes lead, same with referee if umpire is stuck) If referee looks at umpire during play, a shake of head by the umpire typically means that the play was okay, nothing should be called, play on 26
Pre-Match Discussion Checklist l l However, there can be an agreement between referee and umpire that a ball hit into the tape with a block up where the umpire believes that the block did not touch the ball would be shown with a head shake that will mean “I didn’t have a touch by the block” There should be an agreement that the umpire will get the referee’s attention quickly for game interruptions such as time-outs, substitutions, lineup checks, floor wipe, shoe tie, blood issue, and time needed at officials’ table 27
Pre-Match Discussion Checklist l l Agreement upon discreet/informal signals is crucial Preference should be set regarding how to show that the next contact will be 4 hits (show early/not show early, etc. ) Typically, umpire doesn’t show a touch signal based on philosophy of only showing rally-ending information Should discuss that umpire will step out with a clear 4 -hits signal for the unanticipated 4 hits (extra contact seen by umpire – this is a “trust me” call) 28
Pre-Match Discussion Checklist l l l Umpire stepping to side of team umpire has losing the rally lets referee know what help umpire is offering Should discuss hands calls where umpire believes the referee has been screened (illegal hits, 2 hits) In addition, discuss whether the umpire should show an informal signal for illegal hit or 2 hits when the umpire sees ball handling that the referee has already whistled as a fault earlier in the match (not in the range of what the referee has been allowing – considered a “rescue” call) 29
Pre-Match Discussion Checklist l l Umpire leads on bang-bang attack/block/antenna play or ball untouched by block into the tape and landing out Illegal attack (back-row/attack of serve/libero/attack off a libero set in attack zone) or illegal block Umpire should step out to show a ball down that touches the court, and the referee should scan to pick up the call but if not – and the referee does not shake off the call – no longer discreet and the umpire should whistle it Referee has to trust the umpire on these calls since it will be the umpire who explains the call to the affected coach 30
Pre-Match Discussion Checklist l l l On illegal attack or block, umpire shows informal signal, hesitates to see if referee looks but, if sure, whistles/calls if referee doesn’t look but not if referee “waves it off” The important thing is to get the call right Game point on shoulder of team that has game point after umpire verifies with scorer – referee does not signal back If ball goes behind referee, umpire takes the next contact (signaling ball-handling fault, out or touched out) while referee takes the center line and net calls If there is an intermission, agree where to go 31
Pre-Match Discussion Checklist l l Exit plan for leaving court at the end of the match and leaving the venue/school Meet with coaches on court with both officials present, cordial greetings and wish good luck Officials divide duties with referee typically checking the net height and using the chain as a plumb bob/line to properly place the antennas Umpire checks game balls with pressure gauge (no “Charmin” test and can mark valve to identify game balls) 32
Pre-Match Discussion Checklist l l l Referee typically briefs or instructs line judges on expectations, signals and techniques and ball shaggers Umpire verifies experience of scorer and assistant scorer (libero tracker) and reviews libero replacement with libero tracker and libero serving with both Umpire establishes rapport with scoretable staff including timer/scoreboard operator and announcer Identify where host management representative located Umpire steps to the sideline to request a card (no secret) If umpire puts toes to the line, referee will call across court 33
Pre-Match In Uniform at the Court l l You must be in uniform at the court no less than 30 minutes before the scheduled starting time This is a minimum amount of time, and more time is actually needed to ensure ability to handle any net or other equipment problems and to conduct an effective pre-match with your partner Your first impression walking in can establish your credibility for the entire match and the future You get one chance to make a first impression 34
Pre-Match Initial Impression, Professional Expectations l l Appearance sets the tone of professionalism, and walking in with your partner emphasizes that you are a team A neat, clean, pressed uniform, a fit appearance and proper “equipment” is expected Carrying your uniform to the school rather than wearing it to the site is preferred since this makes it less likely that you will have a wrinkled look You should have two official shirts and two pair of black dress pants, preferably without cuffs, as back-up 35
Pre-Match Initial Impression, Professional Expectations l l Black dress shorts if the venue is extremely warm Your shoes/socks combination should match the options approved by your state association If a jacket is worn to the court, it should be black Your equipment should include a small bag that you bring courtside that contains a variety of needed tools of the trade 36
Pre-Match Professional Expectations l Tools of the trade include: l l A flipping coin between a quarter and a dollar or a special coin with easy-to-understand designations Yellow and red cards A wrist watch with stopwatch ability Two whistles (preferably black with black lanyards) 37
Pre-Match Professional Expectations l Small carrying bag you bring courtside: l l l l A net-measuring device Ball-pressure gauge Ball pump Rule Book and Case Book/Manual Extra watch Pen and pencil Breath mints to help with whistle breath 38
Pre-Match Schedule Duties So Match Starts on Time l l l Both officials re-check court to ensure properly marked Determine and address safety & equipment concerns Identify any special ground rules Check padding of referee stand, both posts, antenna placement, exposed metal, and anything else that involves safety As a courtesy, at an appropriate time, greet the coaches when both are courtside 39
Pre-Match Take A Little Time with the Coaches l l l Be cordial but brief Spend equal but short amount of time with each coach Ask if the coaches have any questions (early season, these would probably be more focused on new rules) Communicate any special ground rules Do NOT be overly familiar to avoid the appearance that the officials might show favoritism End the meeting by saying good luck or have a great match 40
Pre-Match Divide the Pre-Match Duties: Referee l l l Measures net, checks for tightness of net Places antennas using net chain as plumb bob/plumb line so inside edge of antenna is right over the outside edge of each sideline Ensures metal at bottom of antennas is covered Verifies necessary padding is present for both posts, referee stand, metal net pulls, etc. Ensures referee stand is stable and proper height 41
Pre-Match Divide the Pre-Match Duties: Umpire l l Assures that benches, chairs and tables are positioned correctly Measures suitability and pressure of each ball to be used in the match, ensuring game balls are stamped with NFHS authentication seal Ensure all balls used are inflated to same pressure between 4. 3 and 4. 6 pounds per square inch Marks valves to distinguish game balls 42
Pre-Match Identify Location of Host Management l l If there are equipment issues, knowing where the representative of host management is located can help with timely resolution This is especially true if there are net adjustment or referee stand problems or if additional padding or coverings are needed 43
Pre-Match Conduct Conference and Coin Toss (Chapter 5, 12: 06) l l This occurs prior to timed pre-match warm-up Referee and umpire facing the court together, showing you are a team Referee blows whistle and calls for head coaches and captains to meet for pre-match conference and coin toss Head coach and at least one captain from each team are required to attend the conference which is administered by the referee 44
Pre-Match The Referee l l Conducts the conference and indicates that coaches and captains should introduce themselves (shake hands, say names) Introduces self and the umpire by name Clearly explains ground rules, the format for the match and warm-up protocols (x minutes shared court, x minutes serving team, x minutes receiving team) Asks if there any questions and asks the umpire for additional information 45
Pre-Match The Referee l l l To be proactive, mentions that all players remove all jewelry and any hair control that are not legal (coaches, captains, are both your teams legally equipped and properly attired? ) Conducts coin toss which should precede the timed warm-ups after verifying bench selected by home team Shows both team the side of the coin that will be heads and the side that will be tails (or any other insignia used to call the toss) 46
Pre-Match The Referee l l Identifies which visiting team captain will call toss and which home team captain will verify what she called Instructs visiting team captain to call the toss in the air, noting that the coin will be tossed, caught and uncovered and, if dropped, there will be a re-toss Tosses the coin which should rotate in the air, catches the coin and uncovers the result without turning the coin over Conducts a re-toss if the toss is not properly called or the coin is dropped 47
Pre-Match The Referee l l Shows the result of the toss to both teams Since the home team has already chosen its side, notes the options for the winner of the toss are serve or receive Verifies the choice made by the winner of the toss, reiterates warm-up protocol (shared court, who will have exclusive use of the court first) Puts coin in pocket of team that will serve first with frame of reference being the referee’s position on the stand while the umpire does the same with frame of reference being the officials’ table 48
Pre-Match The Referee l l Indicates the expectation of good sportsmanship and something along the lines of have a great match or good luck As players and coaches shake hands, both officials put their coins in the pocket of team that will serve first with referee using position on the stand umpire using the officials’ table as frame of reference Immediately instructs scorer who serves first while umpire instructs timer when to begin timing warm-up As back-up both referee and umpire keep time on their watches 49
Pre-Match Coin Toss Prior to a Deciding Game l l l Teams go to end lines, and referee whistles and signals for captains to meet with umpire for the toss The coin toss may occur near the referee stand where the referee can observe the toss Home team captain will call the toss, and winner of toss has options of serve, receive or bench/side Umpire reports results of the toss to the referee who whistles and signals teams to either switch sides or report to their current benches Umpires wishes players good luck and verifies outcome to scorer and ensures timer starts clock 50
Pre-Match Rosters and Lineup Submission (Chapter 6, 14: 30) l l Rosters are due no later than 10 minutes prior to start of match, and initial lineups are due no later than 2 minutes prior to the end of the timed warm-up The umpire uses prevention to obtain rosters prior to the time they are due as well as lineup sheets The umpire also makes sure lineups are submitted by both head coaches no later than 1 minute prior to successive games Both umpire and scorer are responsible for ensuring lineups have no duplicate numbers or numbers of players not on the roster 51
Pre-Match Lineup Submission and Recording Information l l l Umpire and scorer check to see if a libero is listed and to verify that new lineup form is used that shows serving order rather than initial court positions. As courtesy, the umpire brings it to coach’s attention if there is any missing information (such as no captain identified and no libero shown) or if the old lineup sheet was used As scorer enters numbers on scoresheet, umpire provides an extra pair of eyes to verify players were listed in correct serving order and does the same with the libero tracker 52
Pre-Match Lineup Submission and Recording Information l l Umpire verifies numbers on scoresheet are the numbers on the submitted lineup for each team Umpire also ensures team that will serve first has been marked correctly and that names and numbers of the officials have been entered on the scoresheet along with the printed name of the scorer 53
Pre-Match During the Warm-up (Chapter 7, 15: 34) l l l Referee instructs the line judges as to their duties while the umpire monitors the warm-up and When time permits or the referee is done instructing the line judges, umpire identifies the ability/experience of the scorer and assistant scorer and establishes rapport The referee establishes how line judges will signal and the importance of strong, clear signals and eye contact The umpire sets expectations regarding reporting illegal libero replacements, libero serving, wrong server and illegal substitutions and may do a short tutorial Either the umpire or referee would instruct the ball “shaggers” 54
Pre-Match During the Warm-up l l l As much as possible, both officials watch the teams as they warm up to get a feel for the match, ensuring safety on and around the court including the “off team” possibly infringing on the space of the team that has the court Both referee and umpire watch ball handling, figure out who are the setters and what positions they will start in and look for obvious position players to determine easy ways of identifying opposites and their positions Both officials look for setter and opposite, identify likely setter formation (5 -1, 6 -2, 4 -2), and main hitters 55
Pre-Match During the Warm-up l l l Officials should not make any comments or gestures about the skill levels of the players of form any preconceived notions This is a good time for prevention and the identification of jewelry or illegal equipment, checking the uniforms of regular players for legal numbers, ensuring no exposed midriffs and looking at libero uniforms for contrast and number legality If the referee completes line judge instruction in about 5 minutes, both officials should have the opportunity to observe both teams setting and hitting the ball 56
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l l It is the responsibility of the home school to provide trained and qualified line judges, hopefully prior to the start of the season Regardless, the referee has to quickly assess the experience and ability of each of the line judges Based on this assessment, the referee offers either a refresher or basic initial instruction covering initial positioning, line judge signals, movement away from play of the ball, eye contact during and after play, position when server is close to the left sideline, position during time-outs, and position between games 57
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l l Highly recommended that adults be used, not players In reality, few schools may properly train line judges Line judges should refrain from actions or wearing clothing that give the impression of partiality Some schools value the contributions of line judges and pay them, although this does not guarantee competence The referee takes the line judges to the intersection of the side line and end line to the right of the referee or umpire to avoid hindering the teams warming up or have balls hit into them 58
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges Chapter 8, 17: 26 l l The more experienced or competent line judge is typically positioned to the umpire’s right As a guide for consistency, the acronym “SALT” helps line judge instruction: Server, Antenna, Lines and Touch S – Server means the referee “reminds” line judges that if the server comes within 6 feet of the line judge, the line judge should move behind or to the side of the server in order to not distract the server The referee may instruct the line judge to move laterally away from the sideline and right on the end line based but the line judge has to move quickly back into position to make a call on a served ball hit down the sideline 59
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l When the line judge gives up the end line, the referee will pick up the foot fault responsibility Referee reminds line judges that the server must be on the playing surface to initiate the serve, cannot contact the end line or the court before contacting the serve and must be inside or on the extension of the side line Jump servers can be over the end line as the serve is contacted – a jump server is judged by last contact with the floor prior to contacting the serve All non-servers must be completely on their court the moment the serve is contacted 60
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l The referee demonstrates the signal for a foot fault with or without flags and then has the line judges repeat the signal The referee moves to instruction regarding A - the antenna - asking that the line judges visualize the antenna extending indefinitely to the ceiling For a ball to remain in play, it must cross the net entirely inside the antenna without touching the antenna or any fixture outside the antenna (referee stand, post, etc. ) If it does not, it is an antenna fault including balls that contact the antenna in the net or the part of the net that is outside the antenna 61
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l The referee demonstrates that by moving off their corners to line up a ball crossing the net near the antenna, it will enable them to call both antennas accurately The referee demonstrates the signal for antenna fault and has the line judges show the signal with or without flags Next L – Line is covered with the referee sharing that each line judge is responsible for his/her sideline and end line The ball is in if it hits the floor on or inside the line 62
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l l The ball is in if it hits the floor on or inside the line – in this video, the producers put in several errors to see how sharp you were The referee is showing the line judges, who are then demonstrating the same call, but the flag and hands are being directed toward the line the ball landed near and not the middle of the court as line judges are supposed to signal Referees will tell line judges to show a ball that is down on the court when the line judge can see the ball land ANYWHERE on the court, especially if a play is being made on the ball 63
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l l Even if a line judge believes it to be obvious that the ball landed in, the line judge should signal “in” whenever the ball lands inside the court including the lines of the court Line judges never know when the referee and umpire are screened on a ball possibly touching the court, so the line judges call may show that the ball touched the court and this might be the only official to have the call Making the call toward the line, then, is not accepted technique since the flag or two hands (without flag) should be pointed to the middle of the court The ball is “out” if it hits the court outside the lines Line judges call “out” only on balls that land out 64
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l l Line judges call “out” only on balls that land outside the court on their assigned sideline or end line (or both) and not on the sideline or end line which belong to the other line judge Referee demonstrates the signal with or without flag, and the line judges repeat the signal A good suggestion is not to follow the path of the ball once there is no chance of a “touch” by a defensive player but rather to look ahead (shoot the eyes) to an approximate spot where the ball will hit the floor, letting the eyes settle and be steady as the ball lands 65
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l The referee should remind the line judges of the possibility of being overruled and not to take it personally The referee assumes responsibility for the overrule based on the referee’s angle and how well the line judge may have sold the referee with a strong call If a line judge is screened from seeing a ball land, the signal is arms crossed in front of chest, with or without a flag – line judges should not guess a call When an overrule is necessary because the referee is certain an error has been made, the referee shakes the head “no, ” tweet-tweets and shows the corrected call 66
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l T is for Touch, which is shown when a player touches the ball and it hits the floor out of bounds on that player’s side of the court However, if a touched ball crosses the plane of the net outside the antenna and goes to the opponent’s side of the court, this should not be signaled as a touch call but, rather, as an antenna fault The referee demonstrates the touch signal, with or without flag, and the line judges repeat the signal The touch signal with hands is shown with raised hand on the side of the player that touched the ball with the other hand lightly brushing the fingers at head height 67
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l l If both line judges see the touch, both should signal it In the DVD, the only line judge signaling the touch is on the side on which the ball then landed out when it is likely that the other line judge also saw the ball touched Line judges are instructed not to show a touch call while the ball is in play since touch means the ball has landed out of bounds 68
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l Note the referee’s informal signal of legal attack when the short libero attacked the ball As with other decisions made by line judges, the LJs are not to be influenced by players, coaches or spectators If a line judge hears any improper comments, the LJ should report the comments to the referee after the rally The instructions to line judges include where to stand during a time-out and between games, to move if a player goes after a ball in the line judge’s direction and to maintain eye contact with the referee when making a call and at the end of each rally 69
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l The instruction to line judges that their position during time-outs is at the intersection of the sideline and attack line on the referee’s side of the court (toes to the line) is important primarily based on the opportunity this offers to communicate From this position, instruction can occur as needed including fixing the use of incorrect signals, a line judge not making calls when the ball lands, the need for more eye contact, along with offering support, encouragement and praise as well as to move the line judge on the bench side away from that team 70
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l l Line judges are instructed that if a ball is touched and lands in, the call should be “in, ” not touch Most schools do not use ball shaggers which means a line judge may occasionally need to retrieve a loose ball Line judges should be instructed to make the call first, then go after the ball For introductions and National Anthem, the normal position for line judges is to join the referee and umpire between the centerline and attack line The officials stand closest to the centerline on either side of the net with line judges on the outside and on the side of the official on whose side they will be positioned 71
Pre-Match Instructing the Line Judges l l l Some states will have the referee to the right of the referee stand along with the line judge who will be to the right of the referee while the umpire will be “bench-side” along with the line judge who will be to the right of the umpire during the match The referee thanks the line judges in advance for the difficult and often thankless job they will do during the match Unless something unusual occurs, line judges remain in the positions in which they started the match and are not replaced unless there are serious performance issues that are affecting the match or an urgent need occurs 72
Pre-Match Instructing Ball Shaggers l l If ball shaggers are used by a school, they need to be instructed in their duties so that players are not endangered by an errantly rolled ball The key is that ball shaggers remain alert and get the ball to the next server expeditiously Properly done, the flow of the match is greatly enhanced Typically, there are three ball shaggers for a three-ball rotation, one at either end and one behind the referee stand, and they can help match tempo tremendously 73
Pre-Match Instructing Ball Shaggers l l Ideally, the next server receives the ball while the other two balls are sought after and exchanged The position of the ball shaggers is determined by the configuration of the facility, but ball shaggers typically are placed on the side of the referee, remote from the corners and center line The ball exchange occurs behind the referee stand rather than bench side where players are constantly moving onto and off the court Ball shaggers should carry a towel to ensure the ball is dry as they get the ball to the next server 74
Pre-Match Instructing Ball Shaggers l l l This establishes the tempo mentioned earlier Ball shaggers are certainly not required, but they can greatly benefit a match, and student volunteers will suffice Instruction in the DVD is shown as offered by the umpire, but other states may have the referee handle this responsibility 75
Pre-Match Checking the Lineup Sheet (Chapter 9, 22: 44) l l Before the first game, the teams line up on the end line and are beckoned to the centerline by the referee to shake hands and immediately go to their positions. If this occurs after introductions/National Anthem with teams on the end lines, teams are permitted a little time to huddle at the bench, then are brought onto the court where they may be directed to the end lines and brought on the court with another gesture by the referee. At this time, teams should assume their position in the rotation to allow the umpire to conduct a lineup check. The umpire uses a lineup card although in some states umpires use the lineups submitted by the coaches. 76
Pre-Match Checking the Lineup Sheet l l l The DVD says that, in successive games, teams line up on the end lines and are beckoned onto the court where they immediately go to their positions However, in some states, teams simply are brought back onto the court by the umpire’s whistle and move into their positions in the rotation With ball in hand, the umpire uses a lineup card to ensure the players are in their correct positions In some states, umpires are permitted to use the lineups submitted by the coaches to do the lineup checks Nothing should be taken for granted 77
Pre-Match Checking the Lineup Sheet l l The umpire first checks the receiving team, back row, authorizes the libero to enter, and front row, then signals the number of the captain to the referee, showing a “c” and then the number Umpires who don’t have an established convention for signaling numbers may gesture to the captain The umpire then checks the serving team, back row, authorizes the libero to enter, and front row and either rolls the ball to the first server to avoid having to signal captain number while holding the ball or signals the captain and then rolls the ball Both umpire and referee chart setter positions 78
Pre-Match Checking the Lineup Sheet l l The umpire verifies that scoretable staff are ready, returns the lineups (if using lineup sheets for lineup check) and – if ball shaggers are being used – either rolls a ball to the ball shagger at the end of the court on each side or verifies that the ball shaggers have ball in hand are ready Then, the umpire quickly steps back into position on the receiving team’s side while charting positions of both the serving team and receiving team to verify setter positions and each team’s rotation 79
Prior to the Serve Checking the Lineup Sheet l l The umpire and referee should have completed their scans, allowing service to be authorized The umpire extends an open hand to the referee to signal readiness but not until the umpire is in position on the receiving team’s side The referee completes his/her scan, then establishes eye contact with the umpite, called “centering, ” establishing readiness for play The referee should also attempt to center with both of the floor captains to verify their readiness 80
Prior to the Serve Scanning and Centering l l l The referee scans the court from the line judge on receiving team side, receiving team, the setter and opposite player, receiving team bench, scorer’s table, umpire, serving team bench, line judge on the serving team side, serving team, the setter and opposite, and server All of this is done in a few seconds (after considerable practice) The referee uses centering and goes back to the umpire who would be standing back from the court (not in the position shown for illustrative purposes only), then authorizes serve 81
At Service Contact The Serve l l l At the exact moment the serve is contacted, the referee watches for violations by the server (foot fault, illegal serve) and violations by the serving team (overlap/illegal alignment, screening) The umpire, prior to the beckon for service, identifies the setter on the serving team and the setter on the receiving team, listens for the contact of serve and concentrates on receiving team overlap violations If either official spots a player with a foot down off the court (other than the server), this is typically handled by guiding the player to become legal rather than making a call 82
At Service Contact The Serve l l l The referee follows the flight of the ball, making sure it legally travels over the net, focusing on the receiving team player’s part of the body ready to pass the serve The umpire helps the referee with this first contact by staying in position, then transitions to the blocking team’s side This protocol is followed for every live ball for the entire the match making sure not to transition if there is a play at the net to avoid missing a net foul or center line violation 83
During the Match Responsibilities The Serve Chapter 10 (25: 41) l l In addition to what has been previously mentioned, after the whistle and then beckon for serve, the server has five seconds to contact the ball The referee will discreetly count to himself or herself, one-thousand, two one-thousand to ensure the server is not delaying serve If a server releases the ball for service, then catches or drops it, the referee signals for a re-serve, then authorizes and directs a second and last attempt to serve There are no additional re-serves available to that server during this term of service, but each substitute during the term of service is entitled to one re-serve 84
During the Match Responsibilities The Serve l l l If during a given term of service, a player who has been given a re-serve is substituted back in to serve again, this player does not have an additional re-serve available During this time, no interruption requests will be honored such as for a substitution, time-out, or lineup check, nor may either team make a libero replacement There is one re-serve and only one re-serve per player serving in that “term of service” 85
During the Match Responsibilities Screening l l While screening is not often called, it is becoming evident that teams are using screen techniques as part of their defensive strategy Screening is an action by the serving team which, in the judgment of the referee, prevents the receiving team from seeing the contact of the serve and the flight of the served ball Potential screens exist when players are standing close together or in a stack Individuals or groups that raise or wave hands or move sideways with the served ball passing over them also create the potential for a screen 86
During the Match Responsibilities Screening l l l In addition, a serving team player who moves to block the view of a receiving team player who has moved to see the serve contact should be called for a screen Screening is illegal even though it is perceived to be unintentional Rule 6, Section 4, Article 1 says “Players on the serving team shall not take action to prevent receivers from seeing the contact of the serve or the path of the served ball” Preventative officiating allows for a warning, but a screen may be called whether or not a warning is issued Officials are not supposed to judge intent and, while potential screens may be warned, actual screens should be called 87
During the Match Responsibilities Factors for a Screen l l The referee should weigh the following factors in judging whether a screen has been committed: l Relative positions of the serving team in relationship to one another l Path of the serve l Speed of the serve l Trajectory of the serve If any of the above factors does not come into play, a screen has not been committed (serve 1 – not over a clear group screen and serve 2 – high trajectory and not a rocket, speed-wise; however, serve 3 – low and short over the screen, and screening is called) 88
During the Match Responsibilities Factors for a Screen l l When warning a team that a potential screen exists, the referee should show the screening signal to alert the umpire and coaches that this is what is being addressed The referee may address comments to the players forming the screen or call the captain to the stand Without delaying play, the serving team should be advised of the potential screen to allow the players to separate, lower hands, bend or take other actions to allow the receiving team to see the serve Receiving team players are not entitled to a particular spot on the floor but receivers are also not required to move more than a step or so to try to see around a group screen that covers much of the court by where the server positions herself 89
During the Match Responsibilities Factors for a Screen l l The rules identify as potential screens a player standing in front of the server, a player or players of the serving team waving arms, jumping or moving sideways and the ball is served over any of these players It should be noted that no receiving team player is entitled to a position on the court and that, if unable to see the server, the player should move However, if a player on the serving team moves to block that player’s view (and it can be a subtle adjustment of position as shown in the video), the referee should call screening As you can see in the video, line judges may be in a very good position to see screening but they are not permitted to assist the referee in making this judgment 90
During the Match Responsibilities Overlap & Alignments l l l Before addressing the subject of overlap and alignments, it is important to understand the types of offenses teams run based on the number of setters There are three basic offenses: l 4 -2: setter comes from the front row (2 setters) l 6 -2: setters come out of the back row (2 setters) l 5 -1: setter is always the same player, therefore, the setter comes from the back row and the front row in different rotations – this offense probably used most The key to making sure players are in their proper position usually allies with the position of the setter and who is opposite at the moment the serve is contacted (the player who plays opposite the setter in a 5 -1 is called the “opposite”) 91
During the Match Responsibilities Overlap & Alignments l l The positions of each team on the court are numbered and named: l #1 – Right Back (RB) l #2 – Right Front (RF) l #3 – Center Front (CF) l #4 – Left Front (LF) l #5 – Left Back (LB) l #6 – Center Back (CB) Players shall be in correct order with no overlapping of adjacent players front to back and side to side at the contact for service 92
During the Match Responsibilities Overlap & Alignments l l l The position of the player is determined by the player’s foot relative to the adjacent player A front-row player must have a part of the foot closer to the center line than the corresponding back-row player A right-front (back) player must have a part of the foot closer to the right sideline than a part of the foot of the center-front (back) player judging with the foot closest to the right sideline Players may move prior to the serve but must be in their correct positions when the serve is contacted After the serve is contacted, players may move from their respective positions 93
During the Match Responsibilities Overlaps Occur for a Variety of Reasons: l l They enhance team passing Facilitate server and hitter transitions They disguise modes of attack (where coming from, who is a front-row player) The gray areas of the rules can be applied to issue a warning when a team is close to an overlap (in the video situation, it appears that the setter is CB who is clearly behind the CF while the LF is back in serve receive – the CF and RF are close to an overlap but are legal assuming no movement prior to serve contact ) 94
During the Match Responsibilities Overlaps Occur for a Variety of Reasons: l l At no time, however, should an overlap be ignored, but officials should be 105% before an overlap is called Undoubtedly, the affected coach will inquire which players were overlapped (and/or the positions of the overlapped players) so be ready to give information (#1 left too soon) or a brief reason (position switch, setter or hitter left early, LF/LB, etc. ) 95
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: Chapter 11, 31: 53 l l Responsible for initiating play During play, the referee follows the ball, concentrating on ball handling and player positions Before each play, referee determines the position of the setters for each team (Red #7/Blue #14 is a start but RF left, RF right may be more useful; some incorporate this into identifying all back-row players on both teams or both teams’ lineups on the courts for each rally) Verify positions with setters and their opposites and possibly include who leads and who follows the setter 96
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l l Serving team players will often call out numbers of the team’s front row or number of hitters and setter “live” (front row) or “dead” (back row) To evaluate ball handling, the referee should anticipate and focus on the part of the body of the receiving player that will contact the ball by looking ahead of the ball once the ball will clear the net When the ball is in play near the net, the referee should widen focus to include the plane of the net Note that the referee’s hand signal awarding loss of rally is the new signal – also note that the hand signal is not straight out parallel to the floor 97
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l l The referee should have hands comfortably at his/her side and should not have hands resting on the stand since this does not look professional Looking comfortable is a good thing but this must be matched by good mechanics/signaling and position on the stand When the ball hits the floor, the referee blows the whistle immediately to stop play If there is uncertainty as to whether the ball was “in” or “out” or whethere was a “touch” on the play, the referee looks at the line judges before giving a signal 98
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l l l In the situation shown on the video, the referee scanned the line judge on her side for information before showing the ball was out However, the referee did not appear to include the other line judge or the umpire in the scan which can lead to signaling out and then having to accept that another official is showing a touch call Failure to scan and involve line judges through eye contact, especially early in the match, reduces line judge effectiveness – line judges may not be there with the call that the referee really needs 99
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l l Once the whistle has blown to signify end of a rally, there is time for a quick but complete, practiced scan for information before signaling the result of the rally The referee should make eye contact with the umpire after each rally and before signaling result of the rally While the umpire “can help” if there was a touch, the issue is that the umpire should step out to show this information and make eye contact On this play, the umpire showed a touch signal but did not step away from the post to be clearly visible to help the referee see the movement and pick up the information with a scan 100
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l l l The referee’s arm position in awarding loss of rally to the team that will serve next is parallel to the floor Each time the ball crosses the net, the referee must decide if a player preparing to play the ball started the rally in the front row or the back row The referee determines if a ball was above or below the height of the net and whether a player near the net was above or below the height of the net in terms of whether a contact was a block or not 101
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l l On the back-row block, were the mechanics of the referee and umpire in signaling the foul the proper way to show a back-row block fault? The signal used was the USA Volleyball signal for backrow block since the NFHS signal has hands held considerably lower On the illegal libero attack, the referee saw the ball as totally above net height at point of contact while the umpire did not have an opinion since there was no informal signal shown the referee Did the umpire have good position to observe the attack before focusing on the net? 102
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l l l On the illegal attack off the libero set, the referee clearly saw that the next contact resulted in a completed attack from totally above net height However, the umpire did not show an informal attack signal to alert the referee to the libero setting the ball in the attack zone As the referee follows the flight of the ball, observing ball handling, the umpire comfortably transitions to the side of the blocking team as the ball crosses the net and there is no further chance for a net fault or a center line violation 103
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l l Nice pancake save! Was the ball was “up”? Did the umpire transition too quickly and miss helping the referee? Did you observe the libero handle the ball on the first contact and set the ball in the attack zone? The umpire should signal possible illegal attack to the referee as an informal signal to say “libero setting action in attack zone” – this didn’t occur While the referee follows the ball, the umpire watches for center line violations and net violations 104
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l The umpire did not step out to the side to get away from the net in signaling the net fault which resulted in the loss of rally signal to the opponents being shown on both sides of the net instead of entirely on one side 105
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l l The umpire should signal possible illegal attack to the referee as an informal signal to say “libero setting action in attack zone” The umpire assists the referee with ball handling violations only when they are clearly out of the view of the referee such as a player’s back to the referee or other players blocking the view of the referee The umpire gives a discreet (informal) signal to the referee (showing illegal hit) and may whistle a clear call if the referee does not scan and pick up the call The umpire must resist the temptation to follow the ball away from the net during net play 106
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l l l The umpire should continually transition to the blocking team’s side of the net at any angle that allows a clear view to see through the net for touches of the ball, net fouls, center line violations, and back-row player fouls by both teams Transition should be done quickly but smoothly (unrushed but with purpose) and should not interfere with the players – the umpire should be far enough back from the court to get out of the way of players making a play on the ball On the line judge call for an antenna fault, it this the best way to signal the fault? 107
During the Match Responsibilities General Duties of the Referee and Umpire: Referee: l l If there is sustained back-and-forth play at the net, the umpire should stay focused on one side and does not transition since there may be a net fault or center line violations missed by having to move constantly back and forth The umpire did not quickly show the informal signal of 2 -hits but simply was ready to follow the referee’s lead And, if there is a free ball, the umpire simply stays put on the same side End of Chapter 11 – 36: 26 108
During the Match Responsibilities Substitutions and Time-Outs: l l The umpire shall administer the substitution of players and time-outs. The umpire must be open to both benches for potential substitution requests which may come from the head coach, the captain and/or incoming subs coming into the substitution zone. This umpire turned his back to the team that had a sub enter the substitution zone. The referee would wait a moment to give the umpire a chance to spot the request, then would give the visual signal for substitution to alert the umpire. If the umpire still didn’t see the sub, the referee would whistle and again give the substitution signal. 109
During the Match Responsibilities Substitutions and Time-Outs: l l l The head coach must sit down after the request for sub is recognized or greeting the replaced player unless continuing to stand coach on the dead ball with the stipulation that the coach must be in the act of sitting down when the referee is prepared to authorize service. In the situation shown on the video, both teams are substituting. It is in the spirit of the rules to allow the coach to continue to stand to coach on the dead ball until the umpire has finished processing the subs and is turning the court back over to the referee. Once the referee extends an arm to authorize serve, the coach must be sitting down. 110
During the Match Responsibilities Substitutions The incoming substitute enters the substitution zone, and this constitutes a request l What is the proper signal for substitution, how high should it be held and how many rotations are considered sufficient? Are hands open or do they form fists for the NFHS substitution signal? Basic Substitution Procedure l The umpire blows the whistle (what does a proper substitution acknowledgment whistle sound like? ) and signals for a substitution. l The referee mimics the umpire’s signal for substitution l 111
During the Match Responsibilities Basic Substitution Procedure l l The umpire is careful not to block the vision of the scorer or libero tracker who are trying to view sub numbers, waits for the exiting player(s) to make eye contact and gives the authorization to enter signal During this process, the umpire should not have the whistle in their mouth and may give verbal authorization (“go ladies”) along with the physical signal authorizing entry If both teams are requesting subs, the umpire may ask one team to “wait” until the first set of subs have been processed If a sub enters before authorization is given, the first time this occurs, the umpire asks the players to return and 112 properly complete the substitution
During the Match Responsibilities Basic Substitution Procedure l l l After releasing the entering subs to the court, the umpire ensures that the scorer and libero tracker, working in partnership, have the sub numbers in terms of the player(s) subbed in for the player(s) being subbing for (“on the left, 1 for 20, go ladies’; “ 1 for 20, we good? ”) The umpire may, at this time, check number of subs used if a team has been using a lot of substitutes While verifying that the subs have been properly, the authorized subs are moving into their court positions This process avoids delay, and the referee observes to ensure the substitutes assume proper court positions After the sub is properly recorded, the umpire verifies that the scoretable staff are ready 113
During the Match Responsibilities Basic Substitution Procedure l l The umpire then scans the court while moving back into position on the receiving team’s side, scanning both benches and the court area The umpire identifies setter positions for both teams, does quick charting of player positions, makes eye contact with the referee and then signals readiness to give the court back to the referee A libero exchange may be occurring the same time as a team is substituting so the referee may need to ensure the proper libero replacement player and process Remember that every time the umpire whistles/signals for an interruption, the umpire should then turn the court back to the referee when readiness has been verified 114
During the Match Responsibilities Basic Substitution Procedure l l l If multiple subs approach, only one authorization to enter signal is necessary and the umpire uses only one substitution whistle. When both teams sub, the second team should be given a verbal and physical authorization to enter signal but a second whistle to recognize the substitution is unnecessary The referee may have to help hold the second set of subs from entering prematurely without having been authorized or recorded 115
During the Match Responsibilities Basic Substitution Procedure l l Partnering is critical to ensure that one or both officials are on top of everything that is happening on and around the court – this is where scanning is so important The umpire informs the head coach on a team’s 15 th through 18 th substitutions to ensure the coach is fully aware that only a few subs remain and, on 18, let the coach no that no more subs remain The umpire should wave off and not acknowledge a request for a subsequent substitution once all 18 subs have been used The umpire may also inform the referee with eye contact and hand signal that a team is reaching its available number of substitutions 116
During the Match Responsibilities Basic Substitution Procedure l l l What number is the umpire trying to show the coach? How do you signal the number of subs to a coach? The umpire in the video was trying to show that the team had used 15 subs 15 is shown with a closed right fist and 5 fingers on the left hand so the number the umpire is showing is actually 50 (5 fingers on the right followed by the closed left fist which represents 0) What is the best way to indicate number of subs used to a coach? 117
During the Match Responsibilities Basic Substitution Procedure l The umpire should be aware of the number of subs both teams have taken especially at the end of a close game to be able to give a coach a quick response rather than allow a delay to break the other team’s momentum l Coaches usually appreciate when the umpire is on top of number of subs taken rather than having to delay to get the count from the scorer 118
During the Match Responsibilities Time-Out l l Umpire recognizes time-out request with a whistle that should be different from other interruption requests and signals the time-out, shows number of time-outs to the referee (who does not repeat this) and ensures the clock has been started Note that the referee’s signal showing the team that requested the time-out is toward the center of that team’s court while the umpire’s signal is directly out to the side of the team making the request The timer is instructed to start the clock if this has not been done immediately The umpire then spends time with the scorer and official scorer to verify that everything is as it should be 119
During the Match Responsibilities Time-Out l l The umpire checks to verify that the score on the scoresheet matches the score on the scoreboard, verifies the number of subs and time-outs used by each team, and checks the libero tracking sheet and scoresheet to ensure the libero serving has been properly recorded One very important task is often overlooked The umpire must also verify with the libero tracker whether the libero is on the court for each team to make sure that the proper players return to the court at the end of the time-out When a team has a libero in the game, the libero tracker and not the scorer actually has the record of the proper 120 players on the court
During the Match Responsibilities Time-Out l l l When the umpire signals the number of time-outs taken during the time-out, it is not necessary for the referee to repeat this, much as the referee acknowledges the informal game point signal with a head nod rather than showing the same signal If both teams are back on court before 45 seconds, the umpire will have told the timer to kill the horn, and the umpire will bring both teams back on court with a whistle (the whistle to end the time-out may be a double-whistle but with a longer tweet-tweeeet that makes it distinct) When the time-out is ending and the umpire is bringing the teams back onto the court, this is when both officials show the number of time-outs taken by both teams 121
During the Match Responsibilities Time-Out l l When a team has taken both of its available time-outs, the umpire should show “ 2” to the coach and verbalize “Coach, you’ve taken 2” or “that’s 2 time-outs coach”) The umpire does the proper scan and then turns the court back to the referee with the standard open-hand ready signal Injury time-outs involve 30 seconds and include illness or the presence of blood As soon as either official becomes aware of an injury, the official whistles to kill the play to avoid further injury to the player and both officials show the replay signal 122
During the Match Responsibilities Time-Out l l l The coach is quickly authorized to attend to the player while the umpire starts the stop watch Players remain on the court while the injured player is attended to At the end of 30 seconds, the umpire should ask the coach whether the player is able to continue If the player is not able to continue, then the coach is required to take a time-out to buy additional recovery time or indicate that a substitution will be made If the coach indicates that the injured player is able to play, then play must begin immediately If it takes a few seconds beyond 30 to get this resolved, this is not a problem and a delay is not warranted 123
During the Match Responsibilities Time-Out l l l If the coach indicates that the injured player will be substituted for, as much additional time as is needed will be provided with no pressure to move the injured player until it is determined that this is the best course of action If the injured player will be substituted for, the resumption of play will occur when the injured player can be safely removed If the delay in replacing the injured player is prolonged, the teams may go to their benches or warm up at a safe distance from the injured player 124
During the Match Responsibilities Time-Out l l If multiple players are injured, the time for determining whether a substitution or time-out(s) must occur is 30 seconds total The umpire and referee are certainly able to show the concern that any human being feels toward an injured student-athlete but the process must not be unfair to the opponents 125
During the Match Responsibilities Injury Time-Out Recap l l Within 30 seconds, the coach either requests a sub, leaves the player in the game or requests a time-out If an exceptional sub is required, this should be facilitated using the rules for exceptional substitution The condition of the injured player is paramount Ample time is given to safely remove the player from the court 126
During the Match Responsibilities Libero l l The word is pronounced phonetically as lee-bro or leeba-row and not luh-bearo The new rule for the libero allows this player to serve in one position in the serve order in each game Teams are not required to have their libero serve nor does a team have to use a libero All other libero rules that were in place in 2006 are in place for the 2007 season although penalties for an illegal libero replacement have been clarified and modified 127
During the Match Responsibilities Libero l As a reminder, the libero replacement must take place between the attack line and the end line before the referee extends his/her arm to begin authorization of service 128
During the Match Responsibilities Libero l l The video shows the libero in the LB position, and the libero’s team wins the rally and will serve next Since the libero cannot play the front row, she must come out for at least one play with the exception now that she may go directly to serve being replaced by the player coming into the front row This is the player whom the libero last replaced The umpire observes the libero will be serving and turns to the scorer and libero tracker saying “libero serving” and ensuring both scoretable staff record this position as the only position in which the libero may legally serve in that game 129
During the Match Responsibilities Libero l l The penalties for an illegal libero replacement have been clarified and modified The triggering timing is when the referee has completed his/her scan and given sufficient predictable time for teams to have asked for a substitution, time-out or lineup check or to have made a libero replacement At the point that the referee is ready to extend the arm and whistle/signal to authorize serve, it is now too late for an interruption of play OR a libero replacement If the referee has to delay authorizing service, the libero replacement shouldn’t be permitted an unnecessary delay may be charged 130
During the Match Responsibilities Libero l l l If service authorization has already occurred, regardless of whether or not the serve has been contacted, an illegal libero replacement is penalized as an illegal alignment The key is when the illegal libero replacement is noticed If the officials intervene and prevent a replacement, a warning may be possible instead of having to charge unnecessary delay or illegal alignment Prevention is more likely to occur early in the season and/or early in a match End of Chapter 12, 42: 28 131
During the Match Responsibilities Looking at Individual Volleyball Signals Given on Offending Team’s Side l l l l Illegal alignment/improper server (two rotations of the extended are sufficient) Line violation (Centerline) – pointing with index finger toward centerline (no need to move the arm up and down) Line violation (Foot fault) – pointing with index finger (no need to move the arm side to side) Illegal hit Delay of service Over-the-net foul Net foul or net serve 132
During the Match Responsibilities Looking at Individual Volleyball Signals Given on Offending Team’s Side l l l Legal Back-Row Attack (Player Behind Attack Line) – signal shown is USAV/PAVO – arm extended toward attack line, parallel to floor, palm of hand not facing attack line Legal Back-Row Attack (Ball Not Entirely Above Net Height) – the signal shown is also used for other legal attacks based on height of the ball in relationship to top of the net including or a legal libero attack, legal attack of serve, and legal attack off a libero set from the attack zone Illegal Attack of Serve/Back-Row Attack 133
During the Match Responsibilities Looking at Individual Volleyball Signals Given on Offending Team’s Side l l l Illegal Block/Screening – for NFHS, the hands of the official are not raised quite that high but, rather should be head height Ball Touched – for all rulesets, the fingers are lightly brushed over the hand that is held vertical 4 Hits 2 Hits (Double Hit) Ball Lands Inbounds – training teaches that the referee not follow the arm with the eyes but look at the umpire Out of Bounds/Antenna Violation 134
During the Match Responsibilities Looking at Individual Volleyball Signals Other Signals l l Begin Service – officials are taught not to follow the extending arm with the eyes but rather continue to observe the server, serving team and possible screening Point (New for 2007) – officials are taught to make a smooth gesture with the arm extension and to keep the arm parallel to the floor and straight out Replay/Re-Serve Substitution – NFHS shows rotating open hands rather than fists 135
During the Match Responsibilities Looking at Individual Volleyball Signals Other Signals l l l l Illegal Substitution Authorization to Enter (umpire signal) Official’s Time-Out – NFHS says to first show time-out signal prior to shoulder tap Unnecessary Delay Time-Out – signal should be squared and not tilted, and referee does follow arm pointing toward court with eyes End of Game Change of Court – should start after waving teams to end lines with left hand in front, right hand in back before ending with left hand in back, right hand in front 136
During the Match Responsibilities Whistle Use and Tempo of Signals l l l Play begins with the referee’s whistle and beckon, and play ends when the rally is finished Either the referee or umpire blows their whistle loudly, decisively and immediately The tempo of the signals is very important to convey to all why the whistle was blown to end the rally In the situation shown in the video, the referee whistled because the ball landed in, the officials took 2 seconds before signaling ball down and then took another 2 seconds before signaling who will serve next Once a whistle is blown to end a rally, the officials have time to “center” and make eye contact before signaling the fault 137
During the Match Responsibilities Whistle Use and Tempo of Signals l l Once a whistle is blown to end a rally, the officials have time to center and make eye contact before signaling the fault No longer is the point signal (one finger) shown on the side of the team that won the rally, instead with an extended arm It is important to hold the arm out so the scorers get used to the new signal but then drop the arm after awarding the rally to create separation before the next service authorization Where possible though not required, the umpire should move to the side of the team that lost the rally and, in this situation, signal ball down, then wait for the referee and follow the signal for who serves next 138
During the Match Responsibilities Whistle Use and Tempo of Signals l l The video indicates that the umpire mimics the referee in terms of signals except on a net serve – this is a practice that is followed by multi-ruleset officials since the NFHS doesn’t specifically exempt this call from being repeated by the umpire The umpire also does not mimic authorization of service The video shows the umpire making a net call, blowing the whistle, moves to that side of the net and signals net The referee mimics the net fault signal, then shows which team will serve next which the umpire, in turn, mimics 139
During the Match Responsibilities Discreet Signals (Given by Umpire) l l Discreet signals (known as informal signals) are given by the umpire to assist the referee The signals shown on the video are: l l l l Illegal Hit Illegal Block/Screening Illegal Attack of Serve/Back-Row Attack (signal represents that if the attack is completed and referee has ball totally above net height at point of contact, umpire has an illegal attack) Illegal Attack Signal is also shown for a libero attack or to show that an attack from totally above net height on the next contact after the libero sets the ball in the attack zone will be illegal) 2 Hits (Double Hit) Four Hits Next Point is Game Point 140
During the Match Responsibilities Conduct and the Use of Cards Chapter 14, 47: 30 l l l The referee, as the head official, is the only one who administers cards for violations in conduct The referee articulates Yellow card, #2, unsportsmanlike (now “unsporting”) conduct but could also show the player number A yellow card is for a first minor offense The umpire makes sure the scorer correctly records all cards It is a warning with no further penalty unless if another minor offense occurs in the same match (involving the same individual), the referee would administer a red card which means the opponent is granted a point and the serve 141
During the Match Responsibilities Conduct and the Use of Cards l l The video shows the umpire stepping onto the court requesting a red card be administered to the setter by holding a red card in the middle of the chest The referee would honor the umpire’s request but may call the umpire over if there’s an uncertainty why the card was requested In this situation, the umpire shows the red card to the referee and gestures to the player but doesn’t show player number or articulate “#2, unsporting conduct” However, the referee did articulate “#2, unsportsmanlike conduct” 142
During the Match Responsibilities Conduct and the Use of Cards l l Note the reaction on the part of the player to receiving the red card – cards always produce a reaction which may be positive (corrects the unacceptable behavior) or negative (induces an emotional reaction that may have to be dealt with) Regardless, the referee sets the tone in support of sportsmanship, and unsporting conduct must be addressed timely and reasonably The umpire also ensures cards are carried forward to subsequent games in the match In the extreme situation where the player (#2) incurs another minor offense (shown tugging net in anger), it would mean disqualification for remainder of the match 143
During the Match Responsibilities Conduct and the Use of Cards l l For a third minor offense, second serious offense or single flagrant offense, the referee holds yellow and red cards, head high on the side of the net of the offending player or coach The referee holds the yellow and red cards in separate hands and verbalizes the number of the player who has been disqualified or that it’s the coach disqualified The referee indicates: “Disqualification, player #2, unsportsmanlike conduct” In this case, since a player was disqualified, the player must leave the vicinity of the team bench if there is adult supervision available or remain on the bench without additional unsporting conduct or risk match forfeiture 144
During the Match Responsibilities Conduct and the Use of Cards l l The appropriate coach will be notified of the reason for the disqualification which, in this situation, is that a player who had previously received a red card committed a subsequent sportsmanship violation After the match, the referee is responsible for filing the appropriate incident report with the state association If an adult team member (head coach, assistant coach, trainer, etc. ) is disqualified, the person must leave the premises The video shows a situation where no cards have been issued, but the referee decides that the actions of the head coach are a serious offense and issues a red card 145
During the Match Responsibilities Conduct and the Use of Cards l l l So, a yellow card does not have to be issued before a red card but a yellow card cannot be issued to the same player or coach after a red card has been issued Back to the situation with the angry coach who just received a red card control and who loses control and commits flagrant act by pushing the umpire That act alone disqualifies the coach who now must leave the premises It is hoped that things would not have progressed to this level, but the progression can continue If there is a further violation in conduct by a disqualified person, the match shall be forfeited by the offending team 146
During the Match Responsibilities Conduct and the Use of Cards l l l Anyone think this coach will keep his coaching job? The umpire appears to have his hands up fending off the coach’s aggression – what would you have done? The referee calls the umpire over and instructs him to communicate with the scorer that the match has been forfeited, then instructs the captains and makes arrangements with host management for an escort This may more easily be taken care by the umpire The referee signals end of match, sends teams from their end lines to their benches, gets off the stand, collects belongings and leaves immediately 147
During the Match Responsibilities Conduct and the Use of Cards Some Other Conduct Issues l l Any conduct from the court or bench where the specific offender cannot be determined shall be credited to the head coach If there is no authorized school personnel available to coach when a coach is disqualified, the team shall forfeit the match No requests (such as substitution, time-out, lineup check) shall be honored until cards have been properly recorded on the scoresheet If a team refuses to play, the team forfeits the match 148
During the Match Responsibilities Ball Handling Chapter 15, 51: 40 l l During the course of a match, the referee and umpire makes hundreds of decisions The vast majority of decisions are based on judgment and, breaking it down further, the greatest controversy during a match usually occurs in determining the legality of contacts known as ball handling As we mentioned earlier, the referee should look ahead of the ball, making sure at its apex it will not contact anything to cause a dead ball Then narrow to focus on the part of the body that will contact the ball 149
During the Match Responsibilities Ball Handling l l l The referee should widen the focus to the player or players ready to receive the ball, then narrow the focus to the part of the body the ball will contact Contact with the ball cannot be below the waist In a specific match, players, coaches and even the fans are entitled to the referee – with the help of the umpire – setting a consistent line of calling legal and illegal hits However, this entitlement is not held to different officials for different matches but, rather, is match specific Two questions to consider: what is the number of the contact being attempted and is there over-control or under-control? 150
During the Match Responsibilities Ball Handling l l l On the 1 st hit, under-control is legal and over-control is illegal On the 2 nd and 3 rd team hits, both under-control and over-control are illegal A legal block or simultaneous contact by opponents is not counted as the first team hit Over-control means the ball visibly comes to rest or there is prolonged contact (such as ball caught/thrown, pushed, lifted, or rolling on the body) The over-control shown is whistled as an illegal hit Under-control means that a double-hit likely has occurred 151
During the Match Responsibilities Ball Handling l l A double hit also occurs when a player contacts the ball twice in succession, either two attempts that are separate or one attempt from one part of the body to one or more parts of the body Spin, sound, speed of the ball before and after the contact, technique, position of the player and even insistence of the opponent may be present in an illegal hit or double hit but shouldn’t be used to determine one The only legal guide to go by is “call what you see” The referee is expected to make consistent ball-handling decisions that teams can rely upon to know what plays will be considered legal during the match 152
Posts-Match Responsibilities Post-Match Responsibilities to Consider Chapter 16, 54: 48 l l The referee initials the scoresheet, and the referee and umpire should leave the court together through a nonspectator exit If the referee has reason to believe there may be a confrontation, the referee should get the umpire’s attention and leave the court immediately The umpire may need to pick up the referee’s belongings near the score table to facilitate a quick exit Since the majority of belongings should be housed in a secure dressing room, doing a “toot and scoot” makes good sense as the officials go to a private area to talk 153
Posts-Match Responsibilities Post-Match Responsibilities to Consider l l The video says “if time allows, hold a post-match conference to address any areas of concern” However, the need for such a commitment should be made during the initial pre-match discussion between the officials A post-match debriefing represents the opportunity to grow from the match experience, to go over what worked and didn’t work, how well the officials partnered during the match and what could be done better And, it is very important to go to the parking lot together for a variety of reasons 154
Posts-Match Responsibilities Future DVDs l l l This video was kept to 56: 00 to allow it to cover a wide range of important topics for officials There was so much more that could have been covered but that’s the beauty of the video Discussions can evolve from the things that were not addressed and questions raised from the way things were presented This video logically leads to future videos that will address topics in greater detail such as illegal alignment Officials watching the video should do so with a critical eye toward improving their officiating, using the signals, mechanics, techniques, protocols and state-to-state differences as a driving force for greater understanding 155
Doing It Right: Who Put This Together? l l Everyone acknowledges there has been a deficiency in developing training materials for high school volleyball officials Jim Beyer and Tom Johannsen are volleyball officials from Iowa who partnered to produce this video to address a need for training tools You can ask questions, make suggestions and receive feedback from Tom and Jim at www. vbofficiating. com This DVD was provided to every high school volleyball coach and official in Iowa 156
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