Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science U. S. Department of Energy Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy Dr. Patricia M. Dehmer Director, Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science U. S. Department of Energy 12 April 2004 NRC Board on Energy & Environmental Systems (BEES) BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES -- Serving the Present, Shaping the Future http: //www. sc. doe. gov/b
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DOE’s Office of Science Director Raymond L. Orbach Principal Deputy Director James F. Decker Deputy Director for Operations Milton D. Johnson BES is here Chief of Staff Jeff Salmon Office of Advanced Office of Basic Biological and Office of Fusion Scientific Energy Sciences Environmental Res Energy Sciences Computing Res. Associate Director C. Edward Oliver Office of High Energy Physics Office of Nuclear Physics Associate Director Associate Director Patricia Dehmer Aristides Patrinos N. Anne Davies Robin Staffin Dennis Kovar BES … is one of the Nation's largest sponsors of basic research, with a budget of ~$1 B; … supports research in ~150 academic institutions and 13 DOE laboratories; … supports world-class scientific user facilities; and … is uniquely responsible in the Federal government for supporting fundamental research in materials sciences, chemistry, geosciences, and 4
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Basic Research for a Secure Energy Future Supply, End Use, and Carbon Management Global Climate Change Science Policy Fossil Carbon Energy Sources Non-Carbon Energy Sources Carbon Recycle Energy Consumption CO 2 Sequestration Coal Nuclear Fission Natural Transportation Geologic Petroleum Nuclear Fusion Synthetic Buildings Terrestrial Natural Gas Hydrogen Industrial Ocean Oil shale, tar sands, hydrates, … Geothermal Hydroelectric Elements Addressed by the BES Program Solar Wind Conservation and Efficiency 6
The Energy Problem § Fossil fuels provide about 85% of the world’s energy. Although reserves are adequate for the next 50 to 100 years, there are two reasons to seek alternative energy sources now: § The largest reserves of one of the most important fossil fuels, petroleum, reside outside the U. S. in politically unstable regions of the world. § The production and release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere pose the risk of global warming. Workshop: October 21 -25, 2002 Report: March 2003 Dr. John Stringer, EPRI, Chair Dr. Linda Horton, ORNL, Co-Chair § All of the alternatives to fossil fuels, even when summed together, today make at best marginal contributions to energy production. § The BESAC report highlighted 37 proposed research directions, most of which already were represented in the BES portfolio of activities 7
Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy § There exists an enormous gap between present state-of-the-art capabilities and requirements that will allow hydrogen to be competitive with today’s energy technologies: § Production: 9 M tons 40 M tons (vehicles) § Storage: 4. 4 MJ/L (10 K psi gas) 9. 72 MJ/L § Fuel cells: $3, 000/k. W $35/k. W (gasoline engine) § Major R&D efforts will be required: § Simple improvements of today’s technologies will not meet requirements § Technical barriers can be overcome only with high risk/high payoff basic research § Research is highly interdisciplinary, requiring chemistry, materials science, physics, biology, engineering, nanoscience, computational science. § Basic and applied research should couple seamlessly. Workshop: May 13 -15, 2003 Report: Summer 2003 This was the first comprehensive study devoted entirely to the basic research needs associated with a future hydrogen economy.
asic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage, and Us May 13 -15, 2003 Workshop Chair: Millie Dresselhaus (MIT) Associate Chairs: George Crabtree (ANL) Michelle Buchanan (ORNL) Breakout Sessions: Hydrogen Production Tom Mallouk, PSU & Laurie Mets, U. Chicago Hydrogen Storage and Distribution Kathy Taylor, GM (retired) & Puru Jena, VCU Fuel Cells and Novel Fuel Cell Materials Frank Di. Salvo, Cornell & Tom Zawodzinski, CWRU Pre-Workshop Briefings by EERE: Hydrogen Storage Jo. Ann Milliken Fuel Cells Nancy Garland Hydrogen Production Mark Paster Workshop Plenary Session Speakers: Steve Chalk (DOE-EERE) -- overview George Thomas (SNL-CA) -- storage Scott Jorgensen (GM) -- storage Jae Edmonds (PNNL) -- environmental Jay Keller (SNL-CA) – hydrogen safety Charge: To identify fundamental research needs and opportunities in hydrogen production, storage, and use, with a focus on new, emerging and scientifically challenging areas that have the potential to have significant impact in science and technologies. Highlighted areas will include improved and new materials and processes for hydrogen generation and storage, and for future generations of fuel cells for effective energy conversion.
Basic Research for Hydrogen Production, Storage and Use Workshop 125 Participants: § § § Universities National Laboratories Industries DOE: SC and technology offices Other Federal Agencies - including OMB, OSTP, NRL, NIST, NSF, NAS, USDA, and House Science Committee staff Remarks from News Reporters: American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Science Policy News Number 71 “Dresselhaus remarked that there were some “very promising” ideas, and she was more optimistic after the workshop that some of the potential showstoppers may have solutions. ” “… solving the problems will need long-term support across several Administrations. Progress will require the cooperation of different offices within DOE, and also the involvement of scientists from other countries, …” C&E News June 9, 2003 “MOVING TOWARD A HYDROGEN ECONOMY”
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen Production Fossil Fuel Reforming Catalysis; membranes; theory and modeling; nanoscience Bio- and Bio-inspired H 2 Production Biological enzyme catalysis; nanoassemblies; bio-inspired materials and processes Synthetic catalysts for water oxidation and hydrogen activation Ni surface-alloyed with Au to reduce carbon poisoning Solar Photoelectrochemistry/Photocatalysis Understanding physical mechanisms; novel materials; theory and modeling; stability of materials Dye-Sensitized solar cells Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report Nuclear and Solar Thermal Hydrogen Thermodynamic data and modeling; novel materials; membranes and High T catalysts operation places severe demands on reactor design and on materials
Priority Research Areas in Hydrogen Storage Novel and Nanoscale Materials Neutron imaging of hydrogen Complex metal hydrides can be recharged on board the vehicles Cup-stacked carbon n. Nanofiber Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report Nanoporous inorganic compounds Theory and Modeling To Understand Mechanisms, Predict Property Trends, Guide Discovery of New Materials H Adsorption in nanotube array Chemical hydrides will need off-board regeneration Li, Nature 1999
Energy Density of Fuels Ideal Solid State Storage Material for Hydrogen Volumetric Energy Density (MJ / L system) 30 gasoline § High gravimetric and volumetric density (10 wt %) 20 10 compressed gas H 2 § Fast kinetics liquid H 2 § Favorable thermodynamics proposed DOE goal § Reversible and recyclable § Material integrity chemical hydrides 0 0 10 complex hydrides 20 30 Gravimetric Energy Density (MJ/kg system) 40 § Minimal lattice expansion § Absence of embrittlement § Safe § Cost effective 13
Priority Research Areas in Fuel Cells 2 -5 nm Electrocatalysts and Membranes Non-noble metal catalysts; designed triple-percolation electrodes 20 -50 mm H 2 Intake Low temperature fuel cells ‘Higher’ temperature membranes; degradation mechanisms; tailored nanostructures Controlled design of triple percolation nanoscale networks: ions, electrons, and porosity for gases Cathod O 2 Anode Catalys Membranes e Intak ts e Internal view of a PEM fuel cell Source: T. Zawadzinski (CWRU) Electrons Water YSZ Electrolyte for SOFCs Mass of Pt Used in the Fuel Cell a Critical Cost Issue Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Theory, modeling, and simulation; new materials; novel synthesis; in -situ diagnostics Tailored Porosity Source: H. Gasteiger (General Motors) Source: BES Hydrogen Workshop Report Source: R. Gorte (U. Penn)
Planned BES Solicitation for Basic Research in Support of the President’s Hydrogen Fuel Initiative § Approximately $21. 5 million will be awarded in FY 2005, pending appropriations. § Separate solicitations for universities and FFRDCs are planned to be issued in May 2004. Preapplications are required. Tentative timeline: – July 15, 2004 – September 1, 2004 – January 1, 2005 – June - July 2005 Preapplications due Decisions on preapplications sent to PIs Full proposals due Awards made § The solicitation will request preapplications for innovative basic research proposals to establish the scientific basis that underpins the physical, chemical, and biological processes governing the interaction of hydrogen with materials. § Five high-priority research directions will be the focus of the solicitations: – – – Novel Materials for Hydrogen Storage Membranes for Separation, Purification, and Ion Transport Design of Catalysts at the Nanoscale Solar Hydrogen Production Bio-Inspired Materials and Processes § The distribution of funds between universities and FFRDCs awards and 15
BES Participation in Coordination Activities DOE § Hydrogen Posture Plan - EERE, FE, NE, SC § Assisted in EERE Hydrogen Storage Grand Challenge solicitation and proposal review § Assisted in EERE Hydrogen Production solicitation and proposal review § Will coordinate with EERE, NE, FE on BES hydrogen solicitation and proposal review OSTP Hydrogen R&D Task Force Group § Participation by DOC, DOD, DOE, DOT, DOS, CIA, EPA, NASA, NIST, NSF, USDA § Developed Taxonomy of Research Directions to facilitate interagency coordination § BES leads the “Fundamental Research” subgroup to develop 10 -year interagency coordination plans International Hydrogen Activities § Participated in multi-lateral and bi-lateral hydrogen meetings - IPHE, US/European Commission, US/Canada, US/India, US/United Kingdom, IEA Hydrogen Coordination Group
BES Outreach Activities § OMB/OSTP Briefing and SC Briefing § American Physical Society March Meeting (March 22 -26, 2004) Basic Research for the Hydrogen Economy Symposium § American Chemical Society National Meeting (March 28 – April 1, 2004) Hydrogen Symposium § Materials Research Society Spring Meeting (April 12 -16, 2004) Federal Funding Workshop – Hydrogen R&D Needs and Opportunities § Council for Chemical Research (April 17 -20, 2004) Hydrogen Forum § Materials Research Society Fall Meeting (November 29 - December 3, 2004) Hydrogen Storage Symposium § Physics Today - article by Dresselhaus, Buchanan, Crabtree § IUMRS Facets - article by Dresselhaus, Buchanan, Crabtree § Nova special program on hydrogen - consultants are Nate Lewis, Millie Dresselhaus § Interviews by Jim Lehrer Newshour
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