Ocean Biogeographic Information System Evolution and challenges in creating OBIS Mark J. Costello (Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland) * Fred Grassle and Yunquing Zhang (Rutgers University) Karen Stocks (University of California San Diego) Tony Rees (CSIRO Hobart) * Chair OBIS International Committee m. costello@auckland. ac. nz
Today’s challenges Global scale impacts • Over-fishing • Invasive species • Climate change • Pollution Do not know what, where and when without the facts (the data)
How do we know anything? Knowledge from data ! • Empirical basis of science • No knowledge without data • More data leads to more knowledge • Facts remain despite changing theories • More irreplaceable with time • Always increases in value • Future value may not be anticipated
New technologies enable • Data collection over large areas – Satellites, acoustic seabed mapping – ROV video, telemetry • Data management and exchange – GIS – World wide web
New interdiscipinary science of Ocean Biodiversity informatics Using information technology to better manage marine biodiversity and environmental data and information
Opportunities provided by informatics • Increase communication • Make data widely available to scientific community • Rapid publication • Data mining and exploration • Low cost publication of maps and images • Interactive and/or user-defined readability • Data management tools widely available at little to no cost Are there other opportunities ?
Informatics helps management • Make metadata more accessible • Make data more accessible • Enable better use of existing data • Identify gaps in data that may need filling • Better communication for data and environmental management
Species informatics aids research Globally accessible species registers: üHelp minimise nomenclatural confusion üFree up experts time to describe new species üRepatriate data to developing countries üProvide a low cost rapid medium for the publication of images, sounds, data and syntheses üRapid (automated) calculation statistics “how many? ”
Is biodiversity informatics launching a new era in marine biology? Always local scale, efforts of a few • 200 years of “natural history” • 50 years of “ecology” • 10 years of “biodiversity” Recent top papers in marine biology • address ocean scale impacts of fisheries • Ability to combine large datasets collected by many is transforming our view of the oceans
Examples at large spatial scales
Shark declines (Pacific long-line fishery) From Baum, Myers, Kehler, Worm, Harley & Doherty. Science. Jan. 2003
Related biodiversity • Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) • Taxonomic Data Working Group (TDWG) • Species 2000 • Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
Species lists need context Distribution is the most important attribute of species, and can be used to • map resources (e. g. fisheries) • observe trends in time • provide insights into - evolutionary history of faunas - factors contributing to biodiversity
How important are deep-sea cold-water coral reefs as a habitat in the North Atlantic? Reef Deep sea coral reefs (Lophelia) Transition zone Photo-montage by Pal Mortensen Coral debris
Records of Lophelia pertusa from Rogers (2001) – a significant habitat Reefs can be 40 km long!
Ocean Biogeographic Information System Mapping marine life over the internet www. iobis. org
OBIS network • Marine scientists and organizations around over the world collaborating • Data from museums, fisheries, universities and ecological surveys, including Co. ML field projects • Unique network for marine biogeography at a global scale • Associate Member of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility GBIF, IODE, IOC IOOS, Ocean. US NODC Species 2000, ITIS, TDWG IABO, SCOR CSIRO, DFO, NOAA, NMFS, ICES, FAO MARBEF (Eur. OBIS), Euro. CAT, Bio. CASE, CORONA
Funding • Launched by the Alfred P. Sloan Global census of marine life Online data served Global census of fish Major data capture and rescue Modelling Demo 2005 • Co. ML is until 2010, but OBIS will continue • International Committee members obtain funding from NSF, EU, national agencies Interoperable 2000 Foundation (New York) as the data management component of the global Census of Marine Life 2010 • US$30 million committed to 2006, funding proposals submitted on a project by project basis
Currently on-line in OBIS anemones Global • corals and anemones • squid and octopus • mammals, turtles, birds (SEAMAP) • plankton (NODC, Zoo. Gene, • SAHFOS-CPR) • Fish (Fish. Base, Fish. Net) • Species from global seamounts Fisheries ü Canadian fishery surveys ü Historical fish data back to 1600 (HMAP)
Regional data in OBIS ü Indo-pacific snails and bivalves ü Australian Antarctic sea ü ü ü ü mammals and birds Bermuda Atlantic Time Series zooplankton (BATS) Mid-water animals from Southampton Oceanography Centre database Bio. Mar benthos from Ireland Belgium North Sea data Ghent taxonomic data NOAA benthic inventory USA EPA EMAP data
OBIS data sources Databases centered on • Taxonomic group (literature sources) • Field surveys (benthos, plankton) • Fishery surveys • Museum collections
OBIS Data Sources (November 2004) Total Records SAHFOS_CPR_ZOOPLANKTON 1, 467, 694 NODC WOD 01 Plankton 1, 281, 125 Fish. Base 793, 318 SAHFOS_CPR_PHYTOPLANKTON 721, 921 OBIS-SEAMAP 281, 735 History of Marine Animals (HMAP) 242, 384 NWAGSCOL (Canadian Regional Node) 228, 519 Elephant Seal Sightings, Macquarie Island 199, 499 NBI 154, 458 Atlantic Reference Centre, Canada 127, 876 AADC_seabirds 101, 289 Southampton O. C. Discovery Collections 93, 350 BIOMAR Project Ireland 92, 959 DFO Scotian Summer Research Trawl 60, 109 EPA EMAP DATABASE 41, 703 Canadian Museum of Nature - Fish 39, 920 Taxonomic Info. System Belgium 36, 936 Hexacorals Database 27, 438 Gwaii Haanas Invertebrates 24, 311
OBIS Data Sources (November 2004) Total Records Ifremer BIOCEAN deep Sea Benthos 23, 876 AADC_weddell_sightings 17, 588 Indo-Pacific Mollusks 16, 261 AADC_herbarium 10, 204 Generic Taxonomical Database System 9, 745 Seamounts. Online 7, 394 AADC_whale_catch 7, 122 Gwaii Haanas Marine Plants 6, 353 Eastern Canada Benthic Macrofauna 5, 650 AADC_weddell_census 4, 603 Ichthyoplankton Scotian Shelf of N. America 4, 169 Ceph. Base 3, 175 Bay of Fundy Species 2, 381 AADC_ellie_sightings_heard 1, 794 Atlantic Canada Conservation Data Centre 1, 365 BATS Zooplankton 635 Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History 579 Marine Invertebrate Diversity Initiative 295 Zoo. Gene 114
Where is OBIS data from? Seabed – benthos Open water – pelagos, plankton November 2004
Most data in OBIS for fish Fish 30, 000 species described Invertebrates 200, 000 species described
Names, species and records in OBIS Nov. 2004 Category Number marine names, OBIS + Co. L Number of records Number species with point data 118709 4138297 36856 17472 1411929 13318 Mammals 133 160977 70 Birds 385 218617 187 12 11760 7 Fishes 16942 1020575 13054 Invertebrates (any) 66673 1689979 20465 All categories Vertebrates Reptiles
Some invertebrates Tunicates 460 20787 166 Sea squirts (ascidians) 430 9107 147 Echinoderms 1302 15683 597 Bryozoans 1238 7510 455 Crustaceans 23433 1260502 4909 Chelicerates 1259 478 89 Annelids 5011 91973 2650 Polychaetes 4327 90735 2516 Molluscs 14551 134311 5307 Gastropods 10442 89792 3564 Bivalves 2749 27257 1145 Nematodes 4268 4126 1949
Cnidaria, plants, protists, microbes Anthozoans 4645 31165 2638 Sea anemones 2410 13771 2145 Stony corals 1547 15824 398 Hydrozoans 2274 49452 673 Sponges 1647 9986 297 53 121 4 Macroalgae (seaweeds) 11946 25186 881 Microalgae 20206 993520 1957 Dinoflagellates 1542 341919 690 Diatoms 8964 609485 905 Unicellular green microalgae 4167 4128 101 Protozoans 2036 10330 191 33 7201 33 Seagrasses Cyanobacteria
Distributed, cached, indexed data system Features ü seamless access of data from multiple sources to the user ü federated ü interoperable ü user-friendly ü data portability ü low hardware and software dependancy
December 2004, OBIS serves: In cache • 5. 6 million records • 40, 000 species • 60, 000 names • 38 source databases • March 2004 – 2. 8 million • In Index (edited data) • 4. 1 million records at genus level • 37, 000 species • 119, 000 names (Co. L) records October 2003 – 1 million records amongst largest data providers to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility www. gbif. org
Present OBIS tools Mapping over environment features • KGS Mapper (ARCIMS) Prediction /analysis • C-Squares § KGS Mapper range finder § Why. Where System building • Di. GIR Species names • XML § Species name service (using Catalogue of Life)
KGS Mapper – maps where similar environmental conditions occur Green or shore crab, Carcinus maenas Invasive species in west North Atlantic
Data capture coming soon to OBIS Major surveys • British benthic marine life (Mar. LIN) • New Zealand Bryozoa • East Mediterranean & Black Sea • Chemosynthetic Ecosystems (Ch. Ess) • Other Co. ML field projects ! Global marine taxa • Aplacophora (primitive molluscs) • Nemertea (ribbon worms) • Trematode (flukes) parasites of fish • Turbellaria (flatworms) • Porifera (Sponge. Base) • Seaweeds and other algae • Serpulidae (tube worms) • Ostracoda (clam-like crustaceans)
OBIS questions How to globalize OBIS? • • • Taxonomically Geographically Institutionally Foster expertise Regional ‘nodes’ Partnerships OBIS priorities? • Data rescue • Data capture • On-line tools • Ocean data overlays • Species information (identification, genetic, images) • Education & outreach • Other
Current OBIS activities Data capture • More species distribution data, e. g. Eur. OBIS Technical development • mapping, modeling, species name services, indexes, software tools • standards for data sharing • Time series data search Management • Regional nodes – global network • Hire Programme Manager • Intellectual property • • agreements User monitoring to guide development Quality control system • Educational modules
OBIS Management Committee = Regional Nodes Managers Australia Canada China Europe India Japan New Zealand South America Sub-Saharan Africa
OBIS Regional Node Architecture Global Node Regional Node Provider Global Database Regional Database Products All Data Subset of Data Public Accessibility GBIF IOBIS Data Found By IOBIS Not From Global Databases Regional Subset Regional Node With Local Datasets And Online Providers All data Global Datasets e. g. FAO, Hexacorallia Fishbase & Seamounts Online Providers Regional Node With Local Datasets Only RMB - March 14, 2004
OBIS informatics challenges Nomenclatures • Authoritative species names directories – ambiguous and unambiguous synonyms, misspellings, misapplications, taxon splits • Geographic (gazetteers) – georeferencing and mapping of place names • Habitat classifications and standards (ecoinformatics) • Merging data – Automated cross-checking of nomenclatures Mapping • Polygons • Lines (large animal tracks) • Integration with ocean data maps
OBIS informatics challenges • Interoperability and portal function – – – – – Exclusion duplicates and redundant data Checking outliers and irregularities Middleware (wrappers, cross-mapping) Data exchange protocols Expanding standard data fields (Darwin Core) Crediting sources Metadata accessibility Indexing Cache
Data availability • most paid for by tax-payer • accessibility variable • No incentives to make freely available e. g. citation of source into citation indices, data publication at same time as syntheses and analyses
5 science culture challenges 1. Data sharing part of scientific process in marine biology 2. Data publication on-line becomes standard practice 3. Quality control for scientific credibility 4. Recognition value on-line publication in individual’s research performance 5. Citation rankings of on-line publications
OBIS – future uses Revelations from new data analysis • Effects of climate change • Predicting spread of invasive species • Biodiversity hotspots at species and phylum levels • Interconnected-ness of ocean regions (seascape ecology) • Phylo- and macro- geography – evolution of fauna and flora at population and species levels Expanded infrastructure ? • Catalogue of all marine life (Ca. ML) • Species identification and information • Habitat classification and mapping
Achievable vision q q q q All valid marine species names on-line within 7 years All known marine species listed in the Catalogue of Life Species guides (descriptions and images) on-line Species distributions on-line Improved quality control in identification and taxonomy Increased rate of species being described New discoveries and understandings of role of biodiversity in ecosystems based on data
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