Occupational accidents a holistic approach Daryl Attwood

Occupational accidents – a holistic approach Daryl Attwood, Ph. D * Based on research conducted at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Safety notes • No alarm tests are expected, so any heard are real • Evacuation routes • Muster location OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Lloyd’s Register • Celebrated 250 th anniversary in 2010. • Lloyd’s coffee house – London – not the insurance company • Primary objective – safety of people in the industries we serve. • Began with ships – now in many industries, including a significant oil and gas presence. OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Major accidents…. Explosions - Piper Alpha Helicopter crashes OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Fatality causes Accidents usually defined as “Major Accidents” (air transport, explosion, burn): 24%. Other accidents: 76% OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Occupational accidents – trips, falls, etc. …. OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Occupational accident root causes……… Direct causes? Quality of safety equipment? Weather conditions? Safety behaviour? Organisational issues? Training? Procedures? Corporate safety culture? Lost time incident frequency (LTIF) ranged from 0. 00 to 3. 96 Something even broader? Cultural / Regional differences? Global Fatal Accident Rate (FAR) = 3. 1 Middle East = 2. 4, Africa, 4. 4, South America 5. 2 Financial pressure on corporations? FAR = Fatal accidents per 100 million hours worked LTIF = Fatalities + lost workday cases per one million hours worked OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Corporate differences OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Regional differences OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Regional differences Africa, FSU greater than 5 Europe, Middle East, North and South America between 2. 9 and 4. Asia, Australia less than 1. 5 OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Safety experts polled as part of research to gather opinion with respect to the relative importance of many factors……some selected results…. OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

The existing approach to occupational accident analysis – Tosca’s fall fault tree Corporate Issues But were there any broader causes? Financial Direct Causes pressures? Others? Tosca receives a major injury Falls down the stairs Running Not looking where she was going Substance on the floor Interview During break No permssion Not aware of danger Takes place in stores Taken at wrong time Lack of supervision Not told not to run Review system for visitors Review break timings supervision increased Review timings supervision increased Refresher on safety standards/ procedures Lack of attention Not trained. No information No supervision Review procedures for cleaning Not reported Not cleaned up Using mirror Using contractors machine No procedures No procedure No employees to use contractors eqpt Review procedure for spillage Review induction cse and refresher training OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D Unaware of danger Substandard induction. No refresher Review induction awareness training

A holistic approach to occupational accident analysis External influence Corporate influence Direct factors OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Value of life Model Structure Price of oil Shareholder pressure Influence of external elements Corporate safety culture on corporate elements Corporate training programme Attitude Safety procedures elements on direct factors Influence of corporate Behaviour Royalty regime Capability Physical Mental Coordination Knowledge Fitness Intelligence Motivation Lack of fatigue Weather Safety design PPE OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Model running mechanism 1. Calibration against an existing, known result. 2. Compare performance of case under consideration with base case for each element. 3. Re-run model using adjusted component reliabilities – this generates actual prediction for the case under consideration. OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Safety situation – installation Factor External factors Value placed on life Expert Score Factors judged. Direct factors less conducive to Attitude good safety than 9 Motivation industry average Expert Score 7 6 Price of oil 10 Lack of fatigue 8 Shareholder pressure 3 Coordination 5 Royalty regime 4 Fitness 6 Corporate factors Safety culture 7 Safety training 7 Safety procedures 8 Factors Knowledge judged more conducive to Intelligence good safety than Safety design industry average 7 Weather 3 Personal protective equipment 8 5 7 OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Model prediction versus actual results, 200 POB platform OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Model prediction versus actual results, drilling sector OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Model Uses • Predict accident numbers or frequencies on new installations • Study the effect of changes in individual safety program elements on safety results • Establish key performance indicator targets for staff and contractor organisations. OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Model use in predicting probability of number of accidents OIL AND GAS Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA LLOYD’S REGISTER EMEA Daryl Attwood Ph. D

Occupational accidents – a holistic approach Daryl Attwood, Ph D * Based on research conducted at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada Safety Driven Performance, Lloyd’s Register, October, 2013, Houston, Texas, USA Daryl Attwood Ph. D