Observational Capabilities Who What WHO Platforms Measurements

Observational Capabilities: Who & What WHO Platforms Measurements Resolution Tow Speed Notes Ledwell Sundermeyer Acrobat, drifters T, S, N 2, dye ? <4 kts winch? , small boat sampling Terray Concannon LIDAR dye 3 m along, 200 m swath, vert? 90 kts Levine MVP, injection apparatus T, S, N 2, dye 0. 25– 1. 5 km along, vert? 6– 12 kts, winch Klymak MVP T, S, N 2, DO, dye 1. 5 km along, vert? 10 kts winch Lee Triaxus T, S, u, N 2, shear, dye 0. 3 -3. 0 km 4 -8 kts winch Kunze Hammerhead T, S, u, N 2, shear, χ, dye, obs, chl 100 -200 m along, 10 m depth range 3 -4 kts winch Sanford 20 EM/APEX floats T, S, u, N 2, shear, χ, dye 100 -m @ 10 cm/s 45 min return ~Lagr Small boat recovery/deploy D’Asaro Lagrangian float T, S, N 2, shear, w, wz, dye Isopycnal ~Lagr Acoustic tracker on ship Goodman T-REMUS T, S, u, N 2, shear, ε, χ, dye, obs, chl 25 -200 m along, 0. 5 -1 m vert 2 -5 kts Small boat for recovery/deploy Shearman Nash 4 Gliders T, S, u, N 2, shear, ε, χ, dye, obs, chl 0. 25 – 1. 25 km along, 0. 25 m vert 0. 5– 1 kts

J. Ledwell Example from CMO (5 -day total); towing at <=4 knots; shear du/dy = 9 cm/s in 8 km 1. 2 x 10 -5 s-1 Lat. Mix will be more energetic… ΔT=24 h ΔT=14 h ΔT=30 h ΔT=time to sample

Using Dye to Study Lateral Mixing in the Ocean: 100 m to 10 km Murray Levine Brandy Kuebel Cervantes Stephen Pierce Scientific interests: The objective is to provide a Lagrangian perspective which will highlight weak secondary circulations and diffusion pathways not easily detected by other observations Approach: Release fluorescein tracer (say 25 to 100 kg) somewhere in upper 100 m. Location and depth of release guided by theoretical considerations and group consensus. Anticipate about 4 releases depending upon amount of dye per release, the ability to detect the patch, logistic constraints, etc. . Instrumentation: Automated vertical profiler from moving ship (Moving Vessel Profiler, MVP 30 -350 by ODIM). Variables measured: C, T, P, fluorescein fluorescence. Horizontal Scales (distance between downcasts = Δx): Cycle to 50 m depth: Δx < 480 m @ 12 kts; Δx < 240 m @ 6 kts Cycle to 175 m depth: Δx < 1600 m @ 10 kts; Δx < 1000 m @ 6 kts

Sheave Surface release Winch Sample up-down profile Fish MVP System (under construction)

Jody Klymak (UVic): Moving Vessel Profiler » 1. 5 km at 10 -12 knots: CTD, O 2, Fluor (Dye) » 3 m/s fall rate (may be a stirrer!) » goal: map submesoscale midfield structure

Triaxus Towed Profiler (Lee, APL-UW) • 4 - 8 knot tow speed, 0 -350 m depth range, unfaired cable. • 500 – 2000 m layback. • 1 m/s vertical speed. • Horizontal resolution depends on tow speed & profile depth… hundreds of meters to 3 km. • SBE 911+ CTD, dual T & C. • SBE 43 dissolved oxygen. • Unfaired cable allows rapid deployment and recovery- can easily switch between operations. • Real-time data return and extensive display informs decision making. • Track package acoustically (ideal) or use modeled position. • Chlorophyll & CDOM fluorescence, light transmission (660 nm) • Up- (1200 k. Hz) and down-(300 k. Hz) looking ADCP. • Microstructure possible (Gregg) • Additional optical sensors possible (Jones and Boss).

Aerial Observations of IR Height: 10, 000 ft Swath: 3, 000 m

Coordinated Plane/Boat observations

Hammerhead • • • All I've got is what's in my extremely flu-addled head and what is already in the plan that Miles sent out recently. Sea. Bird CTD, Chelsea optical sensors (backscatter, fluorescein, chlorophyll), EM current meter, 8 FP 07 microsthermistors in a 15 -cm long rake that can be oriented vertically or horizontally Maximum operating depth is 600 m. Tow speeds are ideally about 4 knots. Towyoing at 3 -4 knots over a 10 -m depth interval will allow sampling of the same depth (density) every 100 -200 m. Hammerhead comes with a specialized 1. 5 m x 1. 5 m winch requiring 440 -V 3 phase power we will need to mount on the deck. I'm hoping to characterize internal isopycnal heaving and straining around the dye as well as finescale water-mass variability. Shipboard ADCP measurements will be valuable in interpreting the data. Hammerhead measurements are very similar to those of T-REMUS so I anticipate close collaboration would Lou Goodman to compare and contrast are sampling and data.

EM-APEX Profiler Array Experiment for Lateral Mixing DRI Thomas Sanford and Ren-Chieh Lien APL/UW EM-APEX floats with χ -sensor 3 D measurements of T, S, V, and χ Real-time observations Simultaneous 3 -D Measurements of U, T, S, Shear, and turbulence (with χ sensor) Isopycnal Analysis Quantifying Shear Dispersion Quantifying Effects of Collapsing Mixing Patches Separating Internal Waves and Vortical Motions Quantifying Isopycnal Diffusivity Pycno c line

600 m Estimates of RV and HD 0 m 30 10 0 m 38640 possible combination of 6 floats configuration!! Estimate of Dispersion Time Scale

Lat. Mix T-REMUS Operation • Tracking by Drogued Gateway Buoy • 2 way communication • RECON & Software • Acoustic communication • W ireless capability Gateway Buoy T-REMUS via Gateway follows a water mass parcel

T-REMUS Measurements Sampling Strategy • Survey before dye patch, during, and afterwards • Two modes: lawn mower; circumnavigate • 8 hours duration, every other day • Vertical aperture, vary: 5 m to 40 m • YOYO Angles : 5 o -10 o • Vertical sampling (processed) distance, Dz: . 5 m-1 m • Horizontal sampling distance, Dx : 25 m – 200 m

Lateral Coherence and Mixing: Adaptive Glider Sampling OSU: Kipp Shearman, Jonathan Nash, Jim Moum, Jack Barth and Rugters: Scott Glenn Four gliders outfitted w/ • Fast-response thermistor • Shear probes • High frequency accelerometers • ADCP • CTD • Optics (dye, chl, backscatter) Coordinated surveys in conjunction with ship-based and other observations T (°C) log 10 N 2 log 10 KT Resolve meso- to micro-scales Research Interests • Dynamics of small scale features • Patchiness of turbulent mixing log 10 2007 Tests off Newport, OR

Gliders follow drifter Sample 12 km lines 3 km apart relative to drifter 12 km = 12 hrs

Autonomous Platforms Instrument Requirements 20 EM/APEX floats reposition for each dye release 1 Lagrangian float reposition for each dye release 8 drifters reposition for each dye release 1 REMUS deploy and recover daily 4 Gliders deploy/recover occasionally How long to deploy, reposition and recover? Is 34 vehicles a full time maintenance job?

What area can we cover and at what resolution In 6 hours we can: 4 km Triaxus: 400 km/d Glider: 25 km/d REMUS: 200 km/d 15 km Other: ? 20 km

competing ship time usage/allocation Ship-based measurements 5 towed bodies 4 -5 winches 2 ships? 2. 5 platforms per ship Dye releases small + large? two dye types? <1/2 ship? Autonomous vehicle maintenance 34 vehicles every 2 - >1/2 ship? 3 days? Sampling requirements: • adaptive dye tracking and regularized sampling? • Resolution gap in 10 – 100 m band?