Objectives Roles of Americans in the Spanish

Objectives • Roles of Americans in the Spanish. American War • Analyze US movements towards becoming a world power • Sequence of events in the Spanish –American war

1. Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660 -1783

2. Social Darwinist Thinking The Hierarchy of Race The White Man’s Burden

3. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionaries in China, 1905

4. Closing the American Frontier

U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820 s

U. S. View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849 by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii 1893 – American businessmen backed an uprising against Queen Liliuokalani. Sanford Ballard Dole proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

“Seward’s Folly”: 1867

“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

CAUSES of SPANISH AMERICAN WAR • What were the causes of the Spanish American War?

The Imperialist Taylor

Spanish Misrule in Cuba

The Spanish-American War Causes and Effects of the First American Conflict of the 20 th Century

Cubans War for Independence • Cubans, recognizing the weakening of the Spanish government, begins rebelling for their own independence. • Supported by many Americans invested in Cuba as a new trading partner, Jose Marti leads a civil war.

Yellow Journalism Adds to the Cause • American newspapermen, Joseph Pulitzer and W. R. Hearst “sensationalize” stories about the Cuban. • Known as “yellow journalism, ” the press creates sympathy for Cuban efforts. • The main purpose of yellow journalism is to sell newspapers, but it also stoked the fires of war.

“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism Joseph Pulitzer Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! William Randolph Hearst

Spanish Ambassador Insults U. S. • The Spanish Ambassador to the U. S. , Enrique Dupuy de Lome, writes a letter calling Mc. Kinley weak and stupid. • Hearst publishes the letter, calling it the “Worst Insult to the U. S. in it’s History. ” • American nationalism is enflamed.

U. S. S. Maine Sent to Cuba • The U. S. warns Spain to end this rebellion quickly. • Due to the outcry brought on by the yellow journalism, President Mc. Kinley sends the U. S. S. Maine to Havana harbor to protect American citizens in Cuba.

U. S. S. Maine Explodes • The U. S. S. Maine in Havana blows up after coming in contact with a mine, killing 266 navy men. • With newspapers fueling the flames of war with the cry “Remember the Maine, ” Mc. Kinley asks Congress to go to war.

WAR in the Philippines! • In the Philippine Islands, Commodore George Dewey launches a surprise attack against the once formidable Spanish Navy, wiping them out with zero American casualties. • In another fight against imperialism, Philippino’s led a successful ground attack against the Spanish.

WAR in Cuba! • Unlike the Philippines, the ground war in Cuba did not come as easily. • U. S. troops were not well trained, used obsolete weapons, and wore heavy wool uniforms. • Many men became sick from rotted food and contaminated meat.

Rough Riders Take to the Ground • A new regiment made up of mostly westerners who were prepared for difficult conditions. • Led by Teddy Roosevelt, the Rough Riders take Kettle and San Juan Hills to secure the high ground. • After a failed attempt by the Spanish fleet to escape, the Spanish sought to surrender.

End of the “Splendid Little War” • The U. S. and Spain end the war by signing the Treaty of Paris. • Part of the treaty was that Spain would surrender Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the opportunity to buy the Philippines. • America gave control of Cuba back to the Cubans, but did take control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the Mc. Kinley administration. Imperialist and American nationalist. Criticized President Mc. Kinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair! Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.

The “Rough Riders”

Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain! Funeral for. Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War” How prepared was the US for war?

The Spanish-American War (1898): “That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?

William H. Taft, 1 st Gov. -General of the Philippines Great administrator.

Emilio Aguinaldo Leader of the Filipino Uprising. July 4, 1946: Philippine independence

Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of Guam. The U. S. paid Spain $20 mil. for the Philippines. The U. S. becomes an imperial power!

The American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in 1899. Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, and William Jennings Bryan among the leaders. Campaigned against the annexation of the Philippines and other acts of imperialism.

Cuban Independence? Teller Amendment(1898) Senator Orville Platt Amendment(1903) 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2. The U. S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3. Cuba must lease. Guantanamo Bay the U. S. for naval to and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Puerto Rico: 1898 1900 - Foraker Act. § § § PR became an “unincorporated territory. ” Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goods 1901 -1903 the Insular Cases. § Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions. § Congress had the power to decide these rights. § Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898 1917 – Jones Act. § Gave full territorial status to PR. § Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US. § PRs elected their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws. § PRs could NOT vote in US presidential elections. § A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.

Panama Canal TR in Panama (Construction begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.

Speak Softly, But Carry a Big Stick!

Panama Canal • Panamanian Revolution against Colombia - 1903. Engineered and influenced by U. S. Panama Canal Zone ceded to U. S. Construction of the canal begins in 1904. Completed in 1914. Increased importance of U. S. control of Caribbean Sea. Protection of Panama Canal is vital to defense of the U. S.

Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853

Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908 A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports to laborers entering the U. S. Japan recognized the U. S. right to exclude Japanese immigrants holding passports issued by other countries. The U. S. government got the school board of San Francisco to rescind their order to segregate Asians in separate schools. .

Stereotypes of the Chinese Immigrant Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887

INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA • China • Sphere of Influence = • Countries had sole rights to trade in an area

The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equal access to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA • Open Door Policy • John Hay Secretary of State

The Open Door Policy

INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA • Open Door Policy • All nations would have equal trading rights in China

INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA • In China resentment was building • Fists of Righteous Harmony • Secret group opposed foreign intervention

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 The Peaceful Harmonious Fists. “ 55 Days at Peking. ”

INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA • Became known as Boxers • Took diplomats hostage • Troops entered to stop rebellion

INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA • Rebellion was stopped and China lost no more land the Open door Policy was in place

INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA • Two reasons why Roosevelt was interested • 1. Wanted to keep Open Door Policy open in China • 2. Japan would become to strong if they controlled China

INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA • Roosevelt sent the Navy around the world to show America’s naval strength • 16 Battleships became known as the • “Great White Fleet”

The Great White Fleet: 1907

INVOLVEMENT IN ASIA • America had now become a player in the Pacific region

America as a Pacific Power

The Cares of a Growing Family

Constable of the World

Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Improve financial opportunities for American businesses. Use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. Therefore, the U. S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910 s Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered. Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta. The U. S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country. Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: 1910 s Emiliano Zapata Venustiano Carranza Pancho Villa Porfirio Diaz Francisco I Madero

Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” The U. S. should be the conscience of the world. Spread democracy. Promote peace. Condemn colonialism.

Searching for Banditos General John J. Pershing with Pancho Villa in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments & Investments in Latin America, 1914

U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898 -1920 s

Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys? ”