Objectives 1 Describe the triangular trade and

Objectives: 1. Describe the triangular trade and how it affected colonial society. 2. Analyze why slavery grew in America. 3. Explain the differences between the regions of the English Colonies as they developed.

• Population increase. – Settlers: 250, 000 (1700) to 2, 500, 000 (1775) – Slaves: 28, 000 to 500, 000

Triangular Trade

The Middle Passage • Shipping Africans to the West Indies.

This plan above of a slave ship developed by Clarkson and his co-workers shocked the public when it appeared in 1789. It shows how 482 slaves could be packed on board the Brookes of Liverpool for the 6 to 8 week voyage to the West Indies. The Brookes actually carried 609 slaves on one voyage.

There is one final poignant link. Under the slave trade system people suffered to provide luxuries like sugar, chocolate, coffee and tea for colonists at an affordable price. This was morally wrong but most people were not aware of their wrongdoing until the abolitionist campaign exposed it for what it was. Today, the people who put those very same items on our table are suffering because they do not get a fair price for their production. Again, this is so we can buy these relative luxuries at an affordable price, again it is morally wrong and again people are not aware of it. Who today is going to point it out for them, and how?

Task…Making it Relevant! • Research worker conditions in third world countries that produce goods for America. • Write down what it is like to be a worker and what they are paid? • In your opinion…how is this similar or dissimilar to the salve trade? Are they equally morally wrong?

End Day 1

Colonial Regions

New England Colonies • Colonies – Massachusetts – Connecticut – New Hampshire – Rhode Island • Climate/Geography – Cold winters and mild summers – Soil was generally rocky, making farming difficult – Cold winters reduced the spread of disease.

New England Continued • Religion – Dominated by the Puritans, reformers seeking to “purify” Christianity, who came over from England to practice religion without persecution. – Puritans followed strict rules and were intolerant of other religions – Life in New England was dominated by church – Severe consequences for those who failed to attend, or, those who spoke out against the Puritan ways. • Economy – Economy was largely dependent on the ocean – Fishing (especially codfish) was most important to the New England economy – Whaling, trapping, shipbuilding, and logging were important also. – Shippers grew wealthy buying slaves from West Africa in return for rum, and selling the slaves to the West Indies in return for molasses. This process was part of “triangular trade. ” – Subsistence farming • Farmers focus on growing enough food to feed their families

Middle Colonies • Colonies – New York – Pennsylvania – New Jersey – Delaware • Climate/Geography – temperate in climate with warm summers and cold winters – This area had good coastal harbors for shipping – Climate and land were ideal for agriculture – These colonies were known as the “breadbasket” because of the large amounts of barley, wheat, oats, and rye that were grown here.

Middle Colonies Continued • Religion – Religion varied, no single religion dominated – Religious tolerance attracted immigrants from a wide-range of foreign countries who practiced many different religions. – Quakers, Catholics, Jews, Lutherans and Presbyterians were among those religious groups that had significant numbers in the middle colonies. • Economy – Largely agricultural, farms in this region grew numerous kinds of crops, most notably grains and oats – Logging, shipbuilding, textiles production, and papermaking – Big cities such as Philadelphia and New York were major shipping hubs – Craftsmen such as blacksmiths, silversmiths, cobblers, wheelwrights, wigmakers, milliners, and others contributed to the economies of such cities.

Southern Colonies • Colonies – Maryland – Virginia – North and South Carolina – Georgia • Climate/Geography – Warm climate with hot summers and mild winters – The soil was perfect for farming and the growing season was longer than in any other region – Hot summers, however, propagated diseases such as malaria and yellow fever.

Southern Colonies Continued • Religion – Anglican (Baptist or Presbyterian) – Most of the original settlers from the Maryland colony were Catholic, as Lord Baltimore founded it as a refuge for English Catholics. – Religion did not have the same impact on communities as in the New England colonies or the Mid-Atlantic colonies because people lived on plantations that were often distant and spread out from one another. • Economy – The Southern economy was almost entirely based on farming – Rice, indigo, tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton were cash crops – Crops were grown on large plantations where slaves and indentured servants worked the land.

The Southern Economy • Because of the good soil and long growing season the South did not develop commerce or industry. The depended on English merchants to manage their trade. • Cultivated large farms known as plantations – Which needed a large unskilled labor force. – Slaves!

Tobacco and Rice • The cash crop of Maryland Virginia was tobacco. However, overproduction would cause profits to fall. – So, farmers began the switch to corn and wheat. • The cash crop of South Carolina and Georgia was Rice. – Rice cultivation is a very labor intensive and nasty. Imagine working in the rice fields all day standing in mud up to your knees. – Do you think that you could get an indentured servant to do this?

The Three Kings of the Southern Economy (1700 – 1860)

Backcountry • Appalachian Mountain Foothills • Small farms • Few slaves • Outnumbered large plantation owners

Conclusion • Majority of colonist, even in the South were not slave holders. However, much of the economy was either based on slave labor or indirectly through the slave trade. • African Slaves brought with them their languages and cultures. They also brought with them the knowledge of cultivating rice.

Stop and Write! • In your IANS • On the right side identify which colonial region you would want to live in, if you lived back then and list 5 reasons why • On the left side draw a picture or print out pictures that represent things that you learned about the region you chose.

Types of Colonies • Government in the colonies varied by the type of charter for that colony. • Question: What are three types of colonial charters? – Charter Colonies – Proprietary Colonies – Royal Colonies

Charter, Royal and Proprietary • In a charter colony, the King granted a charter to the colonial government establishing the rules under which the colony was to be governed. • A proprietary colony was a colony in which one or more individuals, usually land owners, remaining subject to their parent state's sanctions, retained rights that are today regarded as the privilege of the state, and in all cases eventually became so. • Crown, or royal, colonies were ruled by a governor appointed at first by the Monarch

Table of Colonies Type, Government and Notes Type Colony Government Charter Connecticut, Governor and Rhode Island Legislature Elected by Great Britain had the right to approve governor, but governor could not veto legislature. Proprietor selected the governor and upper house. Colonists Elected the Lower House Directly Ruled by Britain. Proprietor free to rule. Colonists Proprietary Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania Royal GA, MA, NH, NJ, NY, NC, SC, VA Note King appointed Gov. and Upper House. Colonists elected the Lower House.

Colonial Government • As the colonies grew, so did the colonists views on government. • Time and distance from the mother-country necessitated some form of government to be in place. • The Crown also had the responsibility to enforce its laws on the colonies.

Colonial Life

Men, Women and Children Men: Worked the fields, built houses and barns, represented family in community Women: Cooked, made butter and cheese, made clothes, tended livestock, etc.

Boys: Indentured servants or apprentices Young Women: Maids, cooks, nurses, until married.

Colonists valued education and children were usually taught to read and write at home. Pennsylvania and Massachusetts set up public school systems – by law.

Change is Coming? Set-up for the Revolution… • • • The Glorious Revolution Mercantilism The Navigation Acts Differences in colonial governments Voting rights America and the Great Awakening

The Glorious Revolution • King James forced off the throne in 1688 and placed his daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange on the thrown. • The Parliament is getting more powerful. • William and Mary sign the English Bill of Rights.

The English Bill of Rights

Mercantilism • The English viewed the colonies as an economic resource. • The colonies provided raw materials for English manufacturers and a market for finished products. • As a nation’s trade grew, its gold reserve increase, and the nation becomes more powerful.

The Navigation Acts 1751 - 1763 • Series of acts (laws) that directed the flow of goods between England the Colonies. • Smuggling • Only British ships could transport imported and exported goods from the colonies. • The only people who were allowed to trade with the colonies had to be British citizens. • Commodities such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton wool which were produced in the colonies could be exported only to British ports.

The Great Awakening • What are they awakening to? • A religious movement concentrated in New England the Middle Colonies. • They called for a re-birth, “A return to the strong faith of earlier days. ” • Why would this movement not take hold in the South?

The Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards

The Enlightenment • The Age of Enlightenment was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18 th century Europe that sought to mobilize the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. • It reached the colonies • It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in church and state • Politically the age is distinguished by an emphasis upon liberty, democracy, republicanism and religious tolerance • Thoughts start colonies on road to revolution and independence • Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson and others

Freedom of the Press ØEnglish Right of Free Speech Ø Zenger v. Royal Governor ØZenger was put on trial for libel (printed an article the criticized governor) ØFound INNOCENT ØFoundation for freedom of press

Objectives: 1. Describe the triangular trade and how it affected colonial society. 2. Analyze why slavery grows in America. 3. Explain the differences between the regions of the English Colonies as they developed.