Ø The text-as-a-product approach is focused on the

Ø The text-as-a-product approach is focused on the text cohesion , coherence, topical organization. Ø The text-as-a-process studies the text production , reception and interpretation.

Constitutive principles of textual communication Cohesion Intertextuality Situationality Informativity Coherence Intentionality Acceptability

Cohesion and Coherence are terms used in discourse analysis and text linguistics to describe the properties of written texts.

Definitions Coherence: Ø The ways a text makes sense to readers & writers through the relevance and accessibility of its configuration of concepts , ideas and theories. Cohesion: Ø The grammatical and lexical relationship between different elements of a text hold it together.

Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. There are 2 main types of cohesion: grammatical, referring to the structural content, Lexical , referring to the language content of the piece. A cohesive text is created in many different ways.

There are 5 general categories of cohesive devices that create coherence in texts Reference Ellipsis Substitution Lexical cohesion Conjunction

v There are two referential devices that can create cohesion : Anaphoric and Cataphoric v v reference Ellipsis is another cohesive device. It happens when, after a more specific mention, words are omitted when the phrase must be repeated. A simple conversational example: (A) Where are you going? (B) To dance. The full form of B's reply would be: "I am going to dance". A simple written example: The younger child was very outgoing, the older much more reserved. The omitted words from the second clause are "child" and "was". Substitution: A word is not omitted, as in ellipsis, but is substituted for another, more general word. For example, "Which ice-cream would you like? " – "I would like the pink one, " where "one" is used instead of repeating "ice-cream. " This works in a similar way with pronouns, which replace the noun. For example, "ice-cream" is a noun, and its pronoun could be "it", as in, "I dropped the ice-cream because it was dirty. " Lexical cohesion refers to the way related words are chosen to link elements of a text. There are two forms: repetition and collocation. Repetition uses the same word, or synonyms, antonyms, etc. For example, "Which dress are you going to wear? " – "I will wear my green frock, " uses the synonyms "dress" and "frock" for lexical cohesion. Collocation uses related words that typically go together or tend to repeat the same meaning. An example is the phrase "once upon a time".

Cohesion

Cohesion is when the link between sentences , words and phrases are visible , or easily understandable E. g : Cara loves to cook dinner for her husband. The dinner that she likes cooking the most is lasagna. Lasagna is a very popular dish in Italy. Italians are also known for their heavy accents. Accents can tell you where in the world people come from. There are over 7 billion people on earth. In this example we can see the clear link between each sentence , even though there is no Topic/Theme in the paragraph.

Coherence is when theme or the main idea of the essay is understandable. E. g. There are different types of nouns in the English language. There are proper nouns which are the names of people or places , such as Tamara or North Korea. There abstract nouns which are used to describe things that are not physical, such as emotions. There are collective nouns which are used to describe groups of things , such as a flock of birds. In this example , the main theme of the paragraph , types of nouns , is contrast and understandable.