Nouns Category of number 1 Inflexions s es 2

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Nouns Category of number 1. Inflexions s/es 2. Inner-inflexion (E. g. man-men) 3. Nouns which do not change in plural (a sheep - sheep) 4. Old English n-stem declension (E. g. ox-oxen, child-children) 5. Loan words from Greek (E. g. analysis-analyses, phenomenon-phenomena) 6. Loan words from Latin (E. g. datum – data, formula-formulae) Category of gender Category of case Common case Genitive (possessive) case 1. Animate nouns (E. g. a boy’s name) 2. Nouns denoting time and measure (E. g. a day’s rest, a mile’s distance) 3. Nouns denoting groups of people, places of their living, various social institutions (E. g. meeting’s decision, Moscow’s traffic, hospital’s needs) 4. Abstract nouns where normally the combination with the preposition “of” should be used (E. g. evil’s power) 5. Group genitive (E. g. John and Nick’s power the-girl-I-go-with’s parents)

Adjective Only one grammatical category – degrees of comparisons Positive-comparative-superlative

Degrees of Comparisons 1. Suppletive way (different stems are used) E. g. good-better- the best 2. Synthetic way E. g. tall –taller-the tallest 3. Analytical way E. g. more/most beautiful

Degrees of Comparisons 17 th century: the elegantest, the famousest (John Milton) Normative Grammar: monosyllabic and bisyllabic adjectives – synthetic way Modern tendency: even mono and bi-syllabic words – analytical way E. g. more fussy, quiet, cruel, clever, keen, subtle, plain, simple etc.

Degrees of Comparisons School rule: One syllable – synthetic way Two syllables ending in –er, -ly, -w – synthetic way (E. g. happy – happier – the happiest, friendly – friendlier – the friendliest) Two or more syllables – analytical way

Cf. Comparison of Adverbs 1. Adverbs with the same form as adjectives (hard, fast, late, etc. ) E. g. fast- faster- the fastest 2. two-syllable adverbs ending in –ly E. g. early-earlier- the earliest 3. Two syllable or compound adverbs (adjective + ly) E. g. often – more often – the most often E. g. 2. clearly – more clearly – the most clearly

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