NOUN Базанова М К Formation of Nouns

NOUN Базанова М. К.

Formation of Nouns

The most common noun-forming suffixes Productive l l l l -er -ist -ness - ism -ess -ion -tion -sion painter portraitist carelessness impressionism hostess suspicion exhibition admission

The most common noun-forming suffixes Unproductive l l l l l -hood -dom -ship -ment -ance -ence -ty -ity -ure -age neighbourhood freedom partnership arrangement importance violence poverty generosity picture marriage

The most common prefixes l l l l Recodismisoverundersubinter- reconstruction co-author disagreement misunderstanding overestimation underground subdivision interaction

Compound nouns ing form + noun l l Frying-pan Dancing-shoes Two nouns l l l Schoolboy Housewife Postman Two nouns connected by a proposition l l Mother-in-law Commander-in-chief Do not include any nouns l l Letdown breakdown

Classification of nouns Nouns Common Proper Нарицательные Собственные Shakespeare February Class nouns Обозначающ ие отд. предмет Monday Boy Dog Table Nouns of materials Вещественные Tea Snow Cotton Collective nouns Abstract nouns Собиратель -ные Отвлеченные Family Team Government Beauty Youth Love

The category of gender l l l Masculine (He – men and boys, animals when we know their sex) Feminine (She – women and girls, countries, ships, vehicles when regarded with affectation or respect, animals when we know their sex) Neutral (It – things, babies and animals when we don’t know their sex)

The category of gender A few jobs and positions have different words for men and women l man woman l actor actress l (bride) groom bride l duke duchess l heroine l hostess l manageress l monk nun l policeman policewoman l princes l stewardess l waiter waitress l widower widow

The category of gender l l l l A mayor can be a man or a woman. In Britain a mayoress is the wife of a male mayor. Some words ending in –ess (authoress, poetess, manageress) have gone out of use. Author, poet, manager are used for both men and women. Stewardess and steward are replaced by flight attendant Policewoman and policeman are replaced by police officer Some words ending in –man do not have a common feminine equivalent Chairman – chairperson Spokesman – spokesperson – spokeswoman (in modern English) Words which are not gender-marked: Foreman – supervisor Ambulance men – ambulance staff Fireman – firefighter

The category of number l Singular l and Plural Regular plurals By just adding –s to the singular l Dog – dogs l Cat-cats

The category of number l 1. Plural of nouns ending in consonant+y l l Singular …consonant + y Baby Lady Ferry Party …vowel + y Donkey Day Boy l Proper names ending in consonant + y l The Kennedys Februarys l l l l l Plural … consonant + ies babies ladies ferries parties donkeys days boys

The category of number 2. Plural of nouns ending in –sh, -ch, -s, -x, -z Singular plural … ch/sh/s/x/z …ches/ses/xes/zes churches crashes buses boxes buzzes

The category of number l 3. Plural l The most common -es l Singular Hero Negro Potato Tomato l l of nouns ending in –o Plural heroes negroes potatoes tomatoes

The category of number New words and borrowings -s Singular Commando Eskimo Logo Photo Kilo Concerto Solo Soprano plural commandos eskimos logos photos kilos concertos solos sopranos

The category of number Irregular and special plurals 1. Irregular plurals in –ves Singular plural l calf caves l elf elves l half halves l knife knives l leaf leaves l life lives l loaf loaves l shelf shelves l thief thieves l wife wives l wolf wolves

The category of number Dwarf, hoof, scarf can have plural in –fs or –ves But: l Belief – beliefs l Chief – chiefs l Cliff – cliffs l Handkerchief – handkerchiefs l Roof – roofs l Safe – safes

The category of number 2. Other irregular plurals Singular l Child l Man l Woman l Foot l Goose l Louse l Mouse l Ox l Tooth plural children men women feet geese lice mice oxen teeth

The category of number l Singular plural l Person Sheep Deer Trout Salmon Spacecraft Aircraft Means Species Hovercraft people sheep deer trout salmon spacecraft aircraft means species hovercraft l l l l l

The category of number 3. Foreign plurals Nouns with foreign plurals only singular plural analysis analyses (Latin) bacterium bacteria (Latin) basis bases (Greek) crisis crises (Greek)

The category of number 3. Foreign plurals Nouns with foreign plurals only singular criterion datum diagnosis hypothesis kibbutz nucleus oasis phenomenon radius stimulus plural criteria (Greek) data (Latin) diagnoses (Greek) hypotheses (Greek) kibbutzim (Hebrew) nuclei (Latin) oases (Greek) phenomena (Greek) radii (Latin) stimuli (Latin)

The category of number 3. Foreign plurals Nouns with both foreign and regular plurals: Singular Plural cactus cacti, cactuses (Latin) fungus fungi, funguses (Latin) genius genii, geniuses (Latin) antennae, antennas (Latin) formulae, formulas (Latin) index indices, indexes (Latin) appendix appendices, appendixes (Latin) medium media, mediums (Latin) memorandum memoranda, memorandums (Latin)

The category of number 4. Compound nouns form their plural by adding –s/es: l To the second noun if the compound consists of two nouns: Schoolboy – schoolboys Housewife – housewives l To the noun if the compound consists of an adjective and a noun: Frying-pan – frying-pans Dancing shoe – dancing shoes l To the first noun if the compound consists of two nouns connected by a preposition or to the noun if the compound has only one noun Mother-in-law – mothers-in law Passer-by – passers-by l At the end of the compound if it doesn’t include any nouns Letdown-letdowns Breakdown-breakdowns