Notional parts of speech Prepared by Yana Kushakova, 3. 1. 1
Notional parts of speech are… noun strength – strengthen adjective numeral verb stro ng – stro ngly adverb
NOUN Meaning: Meaning thingness. Form: have the category of number (singular and Form plural). They also, in the accepted view, have the category of case (common and genitive). Function: Ø Combining with words to form phrases: combines phrases with a preceding adjective (big house), with a following adjective (secrets unrevealed), with a preceding noun in either the common case (chocolate bar) or the genitive case (mother’s face), with a verb following it (children play) or preceding it (play games). Ø Function in the sentence: may be the subject or the predicative of a sentence, or an object, an attribute, and an adverbial modifier.
ADJECTIVE Meaning: expresses property. Form: Adjectives in Modern English are invariable. Some adjectives form degrees of comparison (long, longer, longest). Function: Ø Combining with words: combine with nouns both preceding and following them (large room, times immemorial); with a preceding adverb (very large); can be followed by the phrase "preposition + noun" (free from danger); combine with a preceding verb (died young). Ø Function in the sentence: can be either an attribute (large room) or a predicative (is large). It can also be an objective predicative (painted the door green).
NUMERAL The so-called cardinal numerals (one, two) are different from the so-called ordinal numerals (first, second). Meaning: denote either number or place in a series. Form: invariable. Function: Ø Combining with words: both cardinal and ordinal numerals combine with a following noun (three rooms, third room); occasionally a numeral follows a noun (soldiers three, George the Third). Ø Function in the sentence: most usually an attribute (three rooms, the third room), can also be subject, predicative, and object: Three of them came in time; "We Are Seven" (the title of a poem by Wordsworth); I found only four.
VERB Meaning: expresses a process. Form: is characterized by an elaborate system of morphological categories, some of which are, however, controversial. These are: tense, aspect, mood, voice, person, and number. Function: Ø Combining with words: are connected with a preceding noun (children play) and with a following noun (play games), also connected with adverbs (write quickly), occasionally may combine with an adjective (married young). Ø Function in the sentence: a verb (in its finite forms) is always the predicate or part of it (link verb). The functions of the verbals (infinitive, participle, and gerund) must be dealt with separately.
ADVERB Meaning: some indicate time or place of an action (yesterday, here), others – its property (quickly) and others again the degree of a property (very). Form: invariable. Some have degrees of comparison (fast, faster, fastest). Function: Ø Combining with words: combines with a verb (run quickly), with an adjective (very long), occasionally with a noun (the then president) and with a phrase (so out of things), can sometimes follow a preposition (from there). Ø Function in the sentence: almost always an adverbial modifier, or part of it (from there), may occasionally be an attribute.
The problem of the adverbs Adverbs are a ragbag! A dustbin! Наречия – это мусорная куча! Robert Frank Palmer (born 9 April 1922) – a British linguist Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov (12 January 1895 - 4 October 1969) – a Soviet linguist and philologist
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