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NOTES: ‘Science Teachers for Climate Awareness’ This ppt is designed for use of science NOTES: ‘Science Teachers for Climate Awareness’ This ppt is designed for use of science teachers in talking about low emission energy resources and other greenhouse mitigation methods. We suggest adapting this ppt to your own liking or combining with others. For suggestions for improvements please contact KB at PLEASE NOTE: This will never be a ‘complete’ presentation but is provided for ideas and feedback. It will be updated as time allows! Be sure to look at the ‘notes’ pages below for suggestions for how to use and more detail. This AIP web version 21 Sep 2010 THIS IS PART 1 OF THIS PRESENTATION – THIS PART CONTAINS THE MORE IMPORTANT SECTIONS AND COULD BE USED ALONE.

Climate Change: AND NOW FOR THE GOOD NEWS! We CAN reduce the CO 2 Climate Change: AND NOW FOR THE GOOD NEWS! We CAN reduce the CO 2 and other greenhouse gases in our atmosphere to safer levels

But first the bad news But first the bad news

But first the bad news But first the bad news

Why? Why?

What are the problems? Emission of greenhouse gases from Generation of electric power Transport What are the problems? Emission of greenhouse gases from Generation of electric power Transport Industry Home and Commerce Land use and Agricultural emissions Greenhouse gases come mostly from using fossil fuels, but also from sources such as agriculture

What are the problems? We have to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels: Total What are the problems? We have to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels: Total fossil: (in 2006) 410, 000 PJ X Total non fossil: 70, 000 PJ ie. 15 % X

What are the problems? Australia is even worse! ABARE: past use and future projections What are the problems? Australia is even worse! ABARE: past use and future projections We use about 6, 000 of those 410, 000 PJ ie. 1½ % (But our population is ~ 0. 3%) Renewables ~6% We are here! Oil Gas Brown Coal Black coal

Energy units A quick word on energy units: The basic unit of energy is Energy units A quick word on energy units: The basic unit of energy is the joule (J) It is about the energy of a falling apple 1 Megajoule (MJ) is 106 J 1 Gigajoule (GJ) is 109 J 1 Terajoule (TJ) is 1012 J 1 Petajoule (PJ) is 1015 J My Goodness That’s Plenty

‘Energy’ & ‘Power’ ENERGY is a total quantity Examples: Fuel tank of a car ‘Energy’ & ‘Power’ ENERGY is a total quantity Examples: Fuel tank of a car – approx 2 GJ Coal in Latrobe Valley – approx 300, 000 PJ POWER is the rate of energy use 1 watt = 1 joule per second (W = J/s) Examples: Light bulb: 15 watts = 15 joules every second Car: 100 k. W = 100 k. J/sec (or 2 GJ in 5½ hours) *? Power station 2000 MW = 2000 MJ every second = 173, 000 GJ each day = 63 PJ per year

Energy units Examples Apple falling Food/day Units Torch bulb in a few seconds joule Energy units Examples Apple falling Food/day Units Torch bulb in a few seconds joule (J) Car petrol tank Jumbo jet fuel Large City/day Power station Radiator in ¼ hr each second Power station in 1½ hours Power station in a week 1 J 10, 000 J 2, 000, 000 J 10, 000, 000 J 1000, 000 J Megajoule (MJ) 10^6 J (106) 0. 000001 MJ 10 MJ 2, 000 MJ 10, 000 MJ 1000, 000 MJ Gigajoule (GJ) 10^9 J (109) 0. 00001 GJ 0. 01 GJ 2 GJ 10, 000 GJ 1000, 000 GJ Petajoule (PJ) 10^15 J (1015) 0. 00000001 PJ 0. 000002 PJ 0. 01 PJ

Energy units Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt. hours (that is, a 1000 W Energy units Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt. hours (that is, a 1000 W appliance for 1 hour) 1 k. Wh = 3. 6 MJ (Megajoule) Hazelwood produces about 1600 Megawatts which means 1600 MWh each hour or ~ 6, 000 MJ which is 0. 006 PJ each hour or 50 PJ each year

And 17, 000 tonnes of CO 2 (30 tonnes every minute) (= CO 2 And 17, 000 tonnes of CO 2 (30 tonnes every minute) (= CO 2 from 200 car petrol tanks)

Energy units Fossil fuels are sometimes measured in ‘Quads’, a quadrillion BTU (British Thermal Energy units Fossil fuels are sometimes measured in ‘Quads’, a quadrillion BTU (British Thermal Units) 1 Quad = 1055 PJ (≈ 1000 PJ) A Quad is huge! Total world fossil fuel use per year is about 400 Quad We will try to use PJ as far as possible Quads

What are the problems? Most electricity is produced from fossil fuels: This must NOT What are the problems? Most electricity is produced from fossil fuels: This must NOT be allowed to happen! PS: 20 trillion k. Wh = 72, 000 PJ (per year) Fossil fuels

What are the problems? Again – we are worse! Mostly hydro! 94% X! Wind, What are the problems? Again – we are worse! Mostly hydro! 94% X! Wind, Solar and Biomass currently about 1%

The solutions ! The solutions !

November 2009 That’s ALL the WORLD’s energy November 2009 That’s ALL the WORLD’s energy

November 2009 The ‘WWS’ solution: Wind Water Solar NOT including: CCS, Nuclear, Other ‘exotic’ November 2009 The ‘WWS’ solution: Wind Water Solar NOT including: CCS, Nuclear, Other ‘exotic’ sources

HUGE RESOURCES AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY COST EFFECTIVE POLITICS BIGGEST OBSTACLE HUGE RESOURCES AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY COST EFFECTIVE POLITICS BIGGEST OBSTACLE

9% Tidal Geothermal Hydro 51% Wind Wave 40% Solar Roof PV Concentrated PV Power 9% Tidal Geothermal Hydro 51% Wind Wave 40% Solar Roof PV Concentrated PV Power NEEDED 11. 5 TW READILY AVAILABLE 580 TW 85%

NB: Australian coal is cheaper than US power. The REAL problem! Vested interests and NB: Australian coal is cheaper than US power. The REAL problem! Vested interests and confusion/apathy among ‘ordinary people’ – leading to lack of political will.

Australian Solutions! The big picture: Solar and Wind supplemented by Hydro Geothermal Ocean (tidal Australian Solutions! The big picture: Solar and Wind supplemented by Hydro Geothermal Ocean (tidal and wave) and perhaps ? Gas Nuclear (? ) Coal with CCS (? ? )

Australian Solutions - solar! Australian Solutions - solar!

Australian Solutions - solar! The yellow square is about 125 km square Ample for Australian Solutions - solar! The yellow square is about 125 km square Ample for ALL of Australia’s energy. (At only 10% collection efficiency) 35 PJ per day That is about 250 Hazelwoods!

Australian Solutions - wind! “A network of land-based 2. 5 MW turbines … operating Australian Solutions - wind! “A network of land-based 2. 5 MW turbines … operating at as little as 20% of their rated capacity could supply over 40 times current worldwide consumption of electricity” Global potential for wind-generated electricity Lua, Mc. Elroy, Kiviluomac, Harvard & Finland, April 09 Australia’s 86 PWh = 310, 000 PJ (per year) Annual Global potential for wind-generated electricity: Xi Lua, Michael B. Mc. Elroya, and Juha Kiviluomac Current total energy use is 6, 000 PJ

The Solutions! – World wind power Australia 2008 approx 1, 500 MW (14 th The Solutions! – World wind power Australia 2008 approx 1, 500 MW (14 th place) NB: 2. 862 means 2, 862

Australian Solutions! Introducing: Beyond Zero Emissions (BZE) Five phase study to achieve zero emissions Australian Solutions! Introducing: Beyond Zero Emissions (BZE) Five phase study to achieve zero emissions by 2020: Stationary Energy* (mostly electricity generation) Transport Industrial processes and export Buildings Land Use (including agriculture & forestry) * Stationary energy report available now at www. beyondzeroemissions. org (free) or buy today!

Zero Carbon Australia 2020 A plan for repowering Australia with 100% renewable energy in Zero Carbon Australia 2020 A plan for repowering Australia with 100% renewable energy in ten years beyond Z E R O emissions. org

Key Questions: Who are Beyond Zero Emissions? • • • Zero Carbon Australia Plan Key Questions: Who are Beyond Zero Emissions? • • • Zero Carbon Australia Plan What are we calling for and why? – • How can we get there? – • 100% renewable energy by 2020 Wind and Baseload Solar Thermal Can it be done? – Yes. Fully modelled and costed, using existing commercial technologies beyond. ZEROemissions. org

The Oil and Gas CAN'T DO campaign Generators Coal exporters The CAN'T DO MANTRA The Oil and Gas CAN'T DO campaign Generators Coal exporters The CAN'T DO MANTRA “Renewable energy cant supply baseload power” “Renewable energy is too expensive” “Renewable energy will wreck the economy” “Renewable energy will cost jobs” beyond. ZEROemissions. org

The ZCA 2020 ‘CAN DO’ team beyond. ZEROemissions. org The ZCA 2020 ‘CAN DO’ team beyond. ZEROemissions. org

"Australia has one of the world's best solar energy resource, . . . The Zero Carbon Australiahelp shift the climate "This report will Plan is based on upto-date and sound information and debate to focus on energy; security; provides qualityresources. We need “We have the insights of how a affordability; export and on course country well-endowed in renewable the will. ” opportunity” resources can transition to a solar and wind economy. ”Nobel Laureate, Dr. Peter Doherty, Professor Robin Batterham, School of Australian Academy President, Medicine, University of Cédric Philibert. Sciences and Melbourne Technological Renewable Energy Division Engineering, International Energy Agency formerly Chief Scientist of Australia beyond. ZEROemissions. org

The • • CAN DO Campaign Accepts current climate science evidence on what has The • • CAN DO Campaign Accepts current climate science evidence on what has to be done & by when Uses only existing commercially available technology. We have all the tools NOW Meets Australia’s total energy demand with 100% Renewable Energy by 2020 beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Why? www. ncdc. noaa. gov/bams-stateof-the-climate/ July 2010 beyond. ZEROemissions. org Why? www. ncdc. noaa. gov/bams-stateof-the-climate/ July 2010 beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Why? beyond. ZEROemis www. ncdc. noaa. gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/s i o n s. o r g Why? beyond. ZEROemis www. ncdc. noaa. gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/s i o n s. o r g

Why? www. ncdc. noaa. gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/ beyond. ZEROemissions. org Why? www. ncdc. noaa. gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/ beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Why? www. ncdc. noaa. gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/ July 2010 beyond. ZEROemissions. org Why? www. ncdc. noaa. gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/ July 2010 beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Why? www. science. org. au beyond. ZEROemissions. org Why? www. science. org. au beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Why? beyond. ZEROemissions. org Why? beyond. ZEROemissions. org

FIVE REPORTS: Stationary energy Industry Buildings beyond. ZEROemissions. org Transport Agriculture FIVE REPORTS: Stationary energy Industry Buildings beyond. ZEROemissions. org Transport Agriculture

Carbon Budget 2010 -2050 Why ten years? “Limiting CO 2 emissions to 1 trillion Carbon Budget 2010 -2050 Why ten years? “Limiting CO 2 emissions to 1 trillion tonnes* by 2050 gives us a 75% chance of keeping global warming below 2 o. C” * 2000 - 2050 Meinshausen, et al. (2009): Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 o. C. Nature 458, 30 April 2009 SEE ALSO www. PRIMAP. org beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Why ten years? Carbon Budget 2010 -2050 beyond. ZEROemissions. org Why ten years? Carbon Budget 2010 -2050 beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Why ten years? Mark Jacobson, Mark Delucchi: Shifting the world to 100% clean, renewable Why ten years? Mark Jacobson, Mark Delucchi: Shifting the world to 100% clean, renewable energy by 2030 The cost of generating and transmitting power would be less than the projected cost per kilowatt-hour fossil-fuel and nuclear power. • 4 million large wind turbines, • 90, 000 solar plants, • numerous geothermal, tidal and rooftop PV installations worldwide. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN November 2009 beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Why ten years? Al Gore calls for 100% clean electricity and independence from foreign Why ten years? Al Gore calls for 100% clean electricity and independence from foreign oil within ten years “a political promise to do something 40 years from now is universally ignored because everyone knows that it's meaningless. Ten years is about the maximum time that we as a nation can hold a steady aim and hit our target. ” beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Why ten years? Thomas Friedman: Three reasons for going renewable 1. End dependence on, Why ten years? Thomas Friedman: Three reasons for going renewable 1. End dependence on, and financing of, the “dictators and terrorists in the Middle East” 2. ‘Peak oil’ will mean higher prices, yet more political tension. If we divide the total of the world’s oil reserves by the rate at which WE are using them we get about 12 years (7 for USA use) 3. Oh – and to save us from a climate catastrophe! beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy Traditional Power Generation beyond. ZEROemissions. org Generating electrical energy Traditional Power Generation beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy 67% Fossil 92% beyond. ZEROemissions. org Generating electrical energy 67% Fossil 92% beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun Concentrated Solar Thermal Parabolic Troughs Power Towers Generating electrical energy – from the Sun Concentrated Solar Thermal Parabolic Troughs Power Towers beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun (52 Kilowatts) beyond. ZEROemissions. org Generating electrical energy – from the Sun (52 Kilowatts) beyond. ZEROemissions. org

SEGS Plants 354 MW in Mohave Desert, California, since 1984 beyond. ZEROemissions. org SEGS Plants 354 MW in Mohave Desert, California, since 1984 beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun 600 o. C 290 o. C beyond. Generating electrical energy – from the Sun 600 o. C 290 o. C beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Solar Two – 1996 - 1999 Run by the U. S. Do. E, Sandia Solar Two – 1996 - 1999 Run by the U. S. Do. E, Sandia National Laboratories, Lockheed Martin 10 MW turbine, 3 hrs storage beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun Baseload Solar Thermal Power 24 hour Dispatchable Generating electrical energy – from the Sun Baseload Solar Thermal Power 24 hour Dispatchable Power Andasol 1, 2, Extresol 1, SAMCA 1, Spain, operating now, 7. 5 hours energy storage Torresol Gemasolar Spain, on line 2010, 15 hours energy storage beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun Solar Thermal Storage beyond. ZEROemissions. org Generating electrical energy – from the Sun Solar Thermal Storage beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun What's happening in Spain? • • • Generating electrical energy – from the Sun What's happening in Spain? • • • 2, 440 MW operating or under construction to be completed over the next 3 years $20 billion worth of investment 42% renewable 15, 000 MW 'in the pipeline' by 2020 beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun 50 MW – Spain 100 MW – Generating electrical energy – from the Sun 50 MW – Spain 100 MW – Nevada 150 MW – California beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy – from the Sun Zero Carbon Australia Solar Thermal Power 220 Generating electrical energy – from the Sun Zero Carbon Australia Solar Thermal Power 220 MW Module 3500 MW Solar Region To Supply 60% of Australia’s energy Each module generates 220 MW Ability to store energy and dispatch as needed, day or night A plant or Solar Region will be made up of 19 modules and will have a total capacity of 3, 500 MW There will be 12 plants distributed across Australia beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy – from wind ZCA 2020 Wind Power And the other 40%? Generating electrical energy – from wind ZCA 2020 Wind Power And the other 40%? beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy – from wind ZCA 2020 Wind Power • 40% of Australia’s Generating electrical energy – from wind ZCA 2020 Wind Power • 40% of Australia’s Energy • 6, 400 turbines • 7. 5 MW Enercon E 126 (48, 000 MW) • 23 geographically diverse regions beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Generating electrical energy – from wind beyond. ZEROemissions. org World Wind Energy Association 2010 Generating electrical energy – from wind beyond. ZEROemissions. org World Wind Energy Association 2010

Generating electrical energy – from wind World Wind Power project growth • China 150, Generating electrical energy – from wind World Wind Power project growth • China 150, 000 MW wind by 2020 o Denmark: 20% now (3, 500 MW) • o • Three Gorges of Wind Project 50 % wind by 2025 Sweden 4, 000 MW Enercon Farm 1100 Turbines beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Using less electrical energy Efficiency Opportunities beyond. ZEROemissions. org Using less electrical energy Efficiency Opportunities beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Using less electrical energy beyond. ZEROemissions. org Using less electrical energy beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Using less electrical energy How Easy is Energy Efficiency in Transport? Nissan Patrol Capacity Using less electrical energy How Easy is Energy Efficiency in Transport? Nissan Patrol Capacity 5 17 litres per 100 km Siemens Combino tram Capacity 190 16 litres per 100 km (Oil Energy Equiv) beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Using less electrical energy Electricity and Energy Demand Oil Gas Bioenergy Electricity beyond. ZEROemissions. Using less electrical energy Electricity and Energy Demand Oil Gas Bioenergy Electricity beyond. ZEROemissions. org Solar PV & HW

Renewable electrical energy 40% 60% beyond. ZEROemissions. org Renewable electrical energy 40% 60% beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable electrical energy The National Grid SKM Review of ZCA 2020 transmission “The review Renewable electrical energy The National Grid SKM Review of ZCA 2020 transmission “The review finds that the transmission scenario proposed is technically feasible in terms of capacity and reliability. In addition, the proposed transmission uses mature technology with proven capability around the world. ” beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable electrical energy HVDC High Voltage Direct Current Forget the “you can’t transmit power Renewable electrical energy HVDC High Voltage Direct Current Forget the “you can’t transmit power that far” mantra HVDC has been developed in the last decade and has solved the problem of long distance transmission beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable electrical energy HVDC High Voltage Direct Current Transmits more power on a given Renewable electrical energy HVDC High Voltage Direct Current Transmits more power on a given line Doesn’t lose power through radiation Enables different systems to be interconnected Can be used over 1000’s km rather than 100’s beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable electrical energy Simplified illustration of the advantage of HVDC over HVAC AC only Renewable electrical energy Simplified illustration of the advantage of HVDC over HVAC AC only at peak voltage for a short time DC at peak voltage constantly beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable electrical energy AC HVDC is more cost effective over long distances DC 2000 Renewable electrical energy AC HVDC is more cost effective over long distances DC 2000 km beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Australia's renewable energy grid: Grid 2020 Australia’s Renewable Energy 2020 beyond. ZEROemissions. org Australia's renewable energy grid: Grid 2020 Australia’s Renewable Energy 2020 beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable electrical energy beyond. ZEROemissions. org Renewable electrical energy beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable electrical energy beyond. ZEROemissions. org Renewable electrical energy beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable electrical energy Resource Requirements beyond. ZEROemissions. org Renewable electrical energy Resource Requirements beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable electrical energy Labor Requirements beyond. ZEROemissions. org Renewable electrical energy Labor Requirements beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable electrical energy Enercon Viana Do Costelo Wind Turbine blade and tower factories Portugal Renewable electrical energy Enercon Viana Do Costelo Wind Turbine blade and tower factories Portugal 250 towers per year 600 Blades 400 Jobs beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable costs Solar Thermal Cost Reduction Trajectory beyond. ZEROemissions. org Renewable costs Solar Thermal Cost Reduction Trajectory beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable costs Safe Climate a Bargain at 3% of GDP That’s $Bn 37 per Renewable costs Safe Climate a Bargain at 3% of GDP That’s $Bn 37 per year in a $Bn 1200 economy beyond. ZEROemissions. org

Renewable choice OUR CHOICE 1 mirror OR 20 tons of coal (Over lifetime of Renewable choice OUR CHOICE 1 mirror OR 20 tons of coal (Over lifetime of mirror) beyond. ZEROemissions. org