Non-finite forms verbals General characteristics There are three

Non-finite forms(verbals)

General characteristics There are three forms of the verbals: Participles (I, II), Gerund and Infinitive. The verbals don’t express person, number and mood. They cannot be used as predicates. They have tense and voice distinctions. But their tense distinction is relative. Participles combine characteristics of the verb and the adjective, while gerunds and the infinitive combine the characteristics of the verb with the noun. All the verbals can form predicative constructions.

Infinitive Nominal characteristics of the infinitive It can be used as a subject To go on like this was dangerous. As A predicative Our aim is to develop efficient drainage system. As an object I’d like to have a talk with your boss.

Infinitive Verbal characteristics of the infinitive It can take a direct object She began to feel some curiosity. It can be modified by an adverb I cannot write so quickly. It has tense, voice and aspect distinction

Forms of Infinitive Active Passive to write to be written to be writing - to have written to have been writing -

Infinitive. Tense distinction I am glad to meet you. I am glad to have met you. They happened to be standing by the window when it exploded. His close friend is said to have made a fortune by fraud.

Infinitive. Functions Subject Even to think of it made him suffer. – Сама мысль об этом заставляла его страдать. It is useless to discuss this issue. - Бесполезно обсуждать этот вопрос. It was pleasant to be driving a car again. Predicative My intention is to put this method into practice.

Infinitive. Functions A part of a compound predicate (modal or aspect) The train was to leave at midnight. They continued to study the well construction. Object He asked me to come in. A part of a complex object I never saw you act this way before. Attribute I haven't had time to examine the area yet. He was the first to propose the idea of using hydro fracturing. There a lot of things to be done.

Infinitive. Functions Adverbial modifiers of Ø Purpose Laws are made to be broken. To calculate the flow rate it is necessary to use the following equation. Ø Results (enough, so-that, too) His eyes were sharp enough to look after his own interests. I was too busy to see anybody. Ø Comparison /manner (as if/as though) She moved her hands to his lips as if to stop him. Ø Attendant circumstances She was driven away, never to revisit this place again.

Infinitive. Constructions Objective Infinitive Construction I’ve never seen him lose his temper or get angry about anything. Everybody expected her to marry Pete. I know him to be the most honest person in the world. The doctor found his heart to have stopped two hours before. I want you to report on the accident immediately. I rely on you to come in time.

Infinitive. Constructions Subjective Infinitive Construction The rider was seen to disappear in the distance. The manuscript is believed to have been written in the 15 th century. She was made to play the piano 2 hours a day. He is sure to marry her. They seem to have forgotten him. The experiment proved to be a failure.

Infinitive. Constructions For-to-Infinitive Construction It’s a shame for people to spend so much money on it. (subject) That was for him to find out. (predicative) He waited for her speak. (complex object) The best thing for you to do is to shut up. (attribute) There was nothing for him to do but what he had done. (attribute) He stepped aside for me to pass. (purpose) He spoke loud enough for you to hear. (result)

Participle 1 Verbal characteristics of Participles Ø It can take a direct object: Opening the door, she went out onto the terrace. Ø They can be modified by an adverb: Deeply affected, he rose and left the room. Ø Participle 1 has tense and voice distinction Active Passive writing being written having been written

Participle 1 Tense and Voice Distinction He looked at the carpet while waiting for her answer. Not being able to think and work, he decided to have a walk. They were indeed old friends, having been at school together. Hearing the footstep below, she rose and went to the top of the stairs. Having been informed that he always slept with a light in the room, I placed a lighted candled near the bed.

Participle 1 Tense and Voice Distinction When writing letters he doesn’t like to be disturbed. Being written in a pencil the letter was difficult to make out. Having written some letter he went to post them. Having been written long ago the manuscript was illegible.

Participle 1. Functions Attribute We admired the stars twinkling in the sky. Adverbial modifiers of … - time Entering her room that evening, she found a package for her on the table. While waiting for the water to boil, he held his face over the stove. Having closed the door, she rushed to the window.

- cause: Being younger and slender, he was the first to reach the peak. Having worked in this field for 10 years, I clearly understood that his plan was difficult to fulfill. - manner and attendant circumstances: He started walking counting his steps. She kept silence looking at her hands. - comparison (as if, as though) This was said as if thinking aloud.

Participle 1. Functions Predicative The effect of her words was terrifying. The conditions of the contract were humiliating. A part of a complex object I saw her talking to you on the stairs. A part of a compound verbal predicate Other footsteps were heard crossing the room below.

Participle 2. Functions Attribute He answered through the locked door. He went upstairs accompanied by his father. Adverbial modifier of … - time When questioned, she didn’t say anything. - condition He could help us a lot if asked in a proper way. - comparison The project was perfectly done as if developed by engineers.

Participle 2. Functions Predicative He was really impressed by that fact. A part of a complex object I found her changed.

Predicative Constructions with Participles Objective participial construction Subjective participial construction Nominative absolute participial construction Prepositional absolute participial construction

Predicative Constructions with Participles Objective participial construction She could hear her mother breathing heavily. He saw the clouds gathering. The governor wants it done quickly. She had her hair cut. The wounded man had his leg amputated.

Predicative Constructions with Participles Subjective participial construction They were heard talking together. Nominative absolute participial construction This duty completed, he had three months’ leave. (time) There being nobody to answer, I had to take my own decision. (cause) He turned and went, his dog following him. (attendant circumstances)

Predicative Constructions with Participles Prepositional absolute participial construction She set silent, with her eyes fixed on the ground. They were walking on again, with Hugh drawing at his pipe.

Constructions without participles Nominative Absolute Construction Breakfast over, he went to the office. There he stood, his cap in his hands. The lesson over … (time) The lesson being over … (cause) Prepositional Absolute Construction I found him waiting for me, with his stick in his hand. He was writing, with his back towards the door.

Gerund Nominal characteristics of the gerund It can perform the functions of subject, object and predicative Smoking leads to meditation. I like making people happy. It can be proceeded by a proposition I’m very tired of arguing with you. It can be modifiered by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun. Is there any objections to my seeing her? I dislike Jane’s cooking.

Gerund Verbal characteristics of Gerund can take a direct object I made a good progress in understanding their language. It can be modifiered by an adverb She burst out crying bitterly. It has some tense and voice distinction Active Passive writing being written having been written

Gerund. Tense and Voice Distinction He can swim for hours without getting tired. No one could pass in or out without being seen. She denies having spoken with him. - remember, excuse, forgive, thank, on, after, without I don’t remember hearing the legend before. After walking abut 10 yards we found the hat in the leaves. - Active forms after: worth, need, require, want They were not worth saving. The room needed painting.