NOC Services and Applications Sunday Folayan Nishal Goburdhan Isatou Jah NOC Services and Applications 1
What is Network Management? “In order to operate a reliable service, the network must be managed according to a determined discipline, using a coherent structure of information management. ” Geoff Huston, ISP Survival Guide NOC Services and Applications 2
What is a NOC? Network Operations Centre (NOC) n Monitors and manages a service provider’s network • Information about current, historical and planned availability of systems • Network status and operational statistics • Fault monitoring and management Engineers can coordinate their work through the NOC Services and Applications 3
Network Management - Components Parts of Network Management • • Configuration/Change management Performance/Accounting management Fault management Security management NOC Services and Applications 4
Configuration Management Maintaining information relating to the design of the network and its current configuration n Network State • Record of network topology – Static Õwhat is deployed Õwhere it is deployed Õhow it is attached ÕWho is responsible for it ÕHow do I contact them – Dynamic Õoperational status of the network elements NOC Services and Applications 5
Configuration Management n inventory management • database of network elements • history of changes & problems n directory maintenance • all hosts & applications • nameserver database n host and service naming coordination • "Information is not information if you can't find it" NOC Services and Applications 6
Configuration Management Operational Control of network n Start/stop individual components n Alter configuration of devices n Load and save config versions n Hardware/Software upgrades n Methods of access • SNMPGet / SNMPSet • Out-of-Band access NOC Services and Applications 7
RANCID n RANCID - Really Awesome New Cisco conf. Ig Differ n Also works for IOS/Cat. OS/Jun. OS/. . . n Open Source n Runs on Free. BSD, Linux, OSX, even MSWindows n http: //www. shrubbery. net/ (lots of other useful tools here too!) NOC Services and Applications 8
RANCID n Collections of scripts that run from cron and automate • logging into routers • capturing configuration • highlighting configuration ‘differences’ • emailing the ‘diffs’ to a mail list • installing ‘diffs’ into CVS NOC Services and Applications 9
RANCID • Track config changes – Normal day-to-day • Track hardware changes – Where’s that spare…? • Track (I)OS changes • Malicious changes ? – What did your NOC do last night? • Retrieve dead router configs. • Track router crashes!! NOC Services and Applications 10
RANCID aka Big Brother • Announce changes to entire team everybody starts looking out for anyone making random changes! • If it’s broken, what’s changed? • Make it user friendly - CVSWeb NOC Services and Applications 11
RANCID Sample Output !Slot 2/MBUS: hvers 1. 1 !Slot 2/MBUS: software 01. 36 (RAM) (ROM version is 01. 33) !Slot 2/MBUS: 128 Mbytes DRAM, 16384 Kbytes SDRAM ! - !Slot 6: 1 Port Gigabit Ethernet - !Slot 6/PCA: part 73 -3302 -03 rev C 0 ver 3, serial CAB 031216 OL - !Slot 6/PCA: hvers 1. 1 - !Slot 6/MBUS: part 73 -2146 -07 rev B 0 dev 0, serial CAB 031112 SB - !Slot 6/MBUS: hvers 1. 2 - !Slot 6/MBUS: software 01. 36 (RAM) (ROM version is 01. 33) !Slot 7: Route Processor !Slot 7/PCA: part 73 -2170 -03 rev B 0 ver 3, serial CAB 024901 SI !Slot 7/PCA: hvers 1. 4 !Slot 7/MBUS: part 73 -2146 -06 rev A 0 dev 0, serial CAB 02060044 NOC Services and Applications 12
RANCID Demo of live RANCID system NOC Services and Applications 13
RANCID Re-use n More than configuration management. • Cheap Asset Tracker/NMS n UNIX script - easily extendible to other applications. • Re-use login scripts • Manage configuration changes n Correlate syslog and RANCID using Simple Event Correlator (SEC) – http: //threebit. net/mail-archive/cisconsp/msg 00053. html NOC Services and Applications 14
RANCID - Even More Uses n Looking Glass software n See Joe Abley and Stephen Stuart NANOG presentation: • http: //www. nanog. org/mtg-0210/abley. html • Consistency/Audit checks • Generate DNS zone files • Create Topographic maps NOC Services and Applications 15
What is SNMP? Simple Network Management Protocol n query - response system n • can obtain status from a device • standard queries • enterprise specific n uses database defined in MIB • management information base NOC Services and Applications 16
What do we use SNMP for? n query routers for: • • n in and out bytes per second CPU load uptime BGP peer session status query hosts for: • • network status Message queues Web traffic Squid proxy load NOC Services and Applications 17
SNMP Exercise NOC Services and Applications 18
Configuration Management SNMP driven display wjh 12 mghgw generali talcott harvisr huelings pitirium nnhvd husc 6 harvard wjhgw 1 geo nngw oitgw 1 sphgw 1 lmagw 1 dfch NOC Services and Applications tch 19
Performance Management A Consistent level of network performance n Data collection – interface stats – throughput – error rates – usage – percent availability Data analysis for performance metrics and trends n Establishment of performance thresholds n Capacity planning and deployment n NOC Services and Applications 20
Importance of Network Statistics Accounting n Troubleshooting n Long-term trend analysis n Capacity Planning n Two different types n • active measurement • passive measurement n Management Tools have statistical functionality NOC Services and Applications 21
MRTG NOC Services and Applications 22
MRTG and MRTG Exercise NOC Services and Applications 23
Netflow n Cisco developed - 1996 n Initially a mechanism forwarding packets n No longer - Now, primarily used for • Accounting/Billing • Network planning • Peering arrangements • Traffic engineering • Security monitoring NOC Services and Applications 24
Netflow n Netflow packet typically contains • IP SRC+DST • Port SRC+DST • Protocol information • TOS byte (DSCP) • Input logical interface (if. Index) n Extendible (IOS capable) • AS / VRF /. . . NOC Services and Applications 25
Netflow n Uses CPU and memory! n Export Netflow to external collector (or use online on router) • http: //www. splintered. net/sw/flow-tools/ n Router summarisation possible n Netflow V 5 is most commonly used n http: //www. cisco. com/go/netflow NOC Services and Applications 26
Netflow n Only works on inbound traffic n Unidirectional flow n Shows transit (traffic through) and to the router. n Enabled by: • ip route-cache flow • ip flow ingress (new syntax) n Output seen with: • show ip cache [verbose] flow NOC Services and Applications 27
Netflow Example n From your workstation: ping 196. 200. 220. 1 n On your router: router# conf t router(config) int fa 0/0 router(config-if)# ip flow ingress router# show ip cache flow NOC Services and Applications 28
Netflow Example (cont). n What’s missing? (Why are the flows only in 1 direction? ) n How do you fix it ? n Now repeat the BCP 38 packet spoofing exercise, but track the bogus packets with Netflow. Pay attention to what happens when u. RPF is enabled. NOC Services and Applications 29
Netflow examples n Top ten lists (or top five) ##### Top 5 AS's based on number of bytes ####### src. AS dst. AS pkts bytes 6461 237 4473872 3808572766 237 22977795 3180337999 3549 237 6457673 2816009078 2548 237 5215912 2457515319 ##### Top 5 Nets based on number of bytes ###### Net Matrix -----number of net entries: 931777 SRCNET/MASK DSTNET/MASK PKTS 165. 123. 0. 0/16 35. 8. 0. 0/13 745858 207. 126. 96. 0/19 198. 108. 98. 0/24 708205 206. 183. 224. 0/19 198. 108. 16. 0/22 740218 35. 8. 0. 0/13 128. 32. 0. 0/16 671980 ##### Top 10 Ports ####### input port packets bytes 119 10863322 2808194019 80 36073210 862839291 20 1079075 1100961902 7648 1146864 419882753 25 1532439 97294492 BYTES 1036296098 907577874 861538792 467274801 output packets bytes 5712783 427304556 17312202 1387817094 614910 62754268 1147081 414663212 2158042 722584770 NOC Services and Applications 30
Accounting Management n What do you account for? • Use of the network and the services it provides n Types of accounting data • RADIUS/TACACS accounting data from Access servers • Interface statistics • Protocol statistics n Accounting Data affects Business Models • Bill on usage? • Flat-rate billing? NOC Services and Applications 31
Fault Management n Identify the fault • Regular polling of network elements n Isolate the fault • Diagnosis of the network components n Respond to the fault • Allocate resources to resolve the fault • Priority scheduling • Technical/management escalation n Resolve the fault • notification NOC Services and Applications 32
Fault Management - systems n reporting mechanism • link to NOC • notify on-call personnel setup & control alarm procedures n repair/recovery procedures n ticket system n NOC Services and Applications 33
Fault Management - Fault Detection Who notices a problem with the network? • Network Operations Center w/ 24 x 7 operations staff – open trouble ticket to track problem – preliminary troubleshooting – Assign engineer to problem or escalate ticket status • Customer call • Other ISPs NOC Services and Applications 34
Fault Management Fault Detection (con) How can you tell if there is a problem with the network? • Network Monitoring Tools – common utilities Õ ping Õ Traceroute Õ Ethereal Õ Snmp – Monitoring Systems Õ NOCol Õ Brother Big Õ Nagios Õ Openview, etc… HP • Report state or unreachability – detect node down – routing problems NOC Services and Applications 35
Fault Management - Ticket System Very Important! n Need mechanism to track: n • failures • current status of outage • carrier tickets NOC Services and Applications 36
Fault Management: Ticket System n system provides for: • • • short term memory & communication scheduling and work assignment referrals and dispatching oversight statistical analysis long term accountability NOC Services and Applications 37
Fault Management - Ticket Usage create a ticket on ALL calls n create a ticket on ALL problems n create a ticket for ALL scheduled events n copy of ticket mailed to reporter and mailing list(s) n all milestones in resolution of problem maintain the same ticket # n ticket stays "open" until problem resolved n Ticket reporter determines that ticket should be closed. n NOC Services and Applications 38
Fault Management - Ticket Example Sample opening ticket Subject Fix sshd on E 2 instructor machines Serial Number 6 Area none Queue afnog-noc Requestors pfs@cisco. com Owner inst Status resolved Last User Contact Wed May 10 17: 02: 21 2006 (12 hr ago) Current Priority 1 Final Priority 1 Due No date assigned Last Action Wed May 10 17: 02: 21 2003 (12 hr ago) Created Mon May 8 14: 08 2003 (2 days ago) NOC Services and Applications 39
Exercise: Ticket System • RT is already installed on http: //e 2 -noc. ws. afnog. org • Create tickets to track network occurrences as they occur - network failures will be provided ; -) NOC Services and Applications 40
Fault Management - typical failures • Node unpingable • no ip connectivity to router • possible reasons: – serial link down Õ telco call – router down/hardware problem Õ engineer call – routing problem Õ troubleshoot with traceroute Õ routeviews machine NOC Services and Applications 41
Security Management: Do’s & Don’t’s § § § § Dont’ leave things that are likely to be interesting to mice lying on the kitchen table overnight Plug the holes that mice are using to get into the house Don’t provide places within the house for mice to build nests Set traps along walls where you often see mice out of the corner of your eye Check the traps daily to rebait them and to dispose of squashed mice. Full traps don’t catch mice, and they smell Avoid using commercial bait-and-kill poisons. Traditional snap traps are best. Get a cat! NOC Services and Applications 42
Security Management - Tools n security tools • • • n cops - host configuration checker (www. cert. org) swatch - email reports of activity on machine Tcpwrappers – log connections, restrict access ssh/skey – crypto authentication and communications Tripwire – monitor changes to system files Keep up to date with security information • bug reports – CERT advisories mailing list: Õhttp: //www. cert. org. /contact_cert/certmaillist. html • bug fixes • intruder alerts NOC Services and Applications 43
Security Management – Good Practice n reporting procedure for security events • e. g. break-ins • abuse email address for customers to report complaints (abuse@your-isp. net) n control internal and external gateways • control firewalls (external and internal) n security log management • centralized logging host • Stealth logger, so it cannot be compromised NOC Services and Applications 44
How do I manage my network? n Which tools should I use? What do I really need? • Keep it simple! • Need to consider engineers working remotely • Don’t want to spend too much time maintaining the tool (it should be helping you!) • Different tools for NOC and engineers • Different tools for statistics • RELIABILITY! NOC Services and Applications 45
References http: //www. merit. edu/ipma/docs/isp. html n http: //www. nanog. org n http: //www. caida. org n http: //www. nlanr. net n http: //www. cisco. com n http: //www. amazing. com/internet/ n http: //www. isp-resource. com/ n http: //www. merit. edu/ipma n http: //www. ripe. net n NOC Services and Applications 46
More Tools! n http: //www. caida. org/Tools/ • OC 3 Mon/Coral n http: //www. merit. edu/~ipma – Route. Tracker – IRRj – ASExplorer http: //www. geektools. com/ n http: //www. merit. edu/ipma/tools/other. html n NOC Services and Applications 47
SNMP Tool references • • • MON - http: //www. kernel. org/software/mon/ NOCol - ftp: //ftp. navya. com/pub/vikas/nocol. tar. gz Sysmon - ftp: //puck. nether. net/pub/jared Rover - http: //www. merit. edu/~rover Concord - http: //www. concord. com http: //www. merit. net/~netscarf NOC Services and Applications 48
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