Nixon and Vietnam Henry Kissinger Nixon s National

Nixon and Vietnam • Henry Kissinger. Nixon’s National Security advisor • Vietnamization: Gradual withdraw of U. S. troops = increased efforts of the South Vietnamese to fight the war. • Continued to bomb N. Vietnam as well as Laos & Cambodia

Nixon & Foreign Policy • New Federalism. Distribute a portion of Fed. power to state and local Gov. • Détente: easing Cold War tensions • Nixon opened foreign policy with China and Soviet Union by visiting them

Nixon’s Puppets • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) – Illegally wiretapped Democratic Party @ Watergate • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – Investigated & compiled documents on Nixon’s opposition • Internal Revenue Service (IRS) – Tax audits of antiwar and civil rights activists.

Watergate: The President’s Men • • H. R. Haldeman: Chief of Staff John Ehrlichman: Chief Domestic Adv. John Mitchell: Attorney General John W. Dean III: Presidential Counsel

Watergate • Spying on the Democratic National Party • Cover-up in destroying all evidence of the break-in • Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of the Washington Post – Received little American interest.

Watergate • Senate investigation • Nixon dismissed his “inner circle” • John Dean testified that Nixon was “heavily involved in the coverup” • Presidential aide Alexander Butterfield: Nixon taped all conversations – Tapes were key in revealing what Nixon actually knew

Watergate • Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned – Nixon appointed House Minority Leader Gerald Ford as the V. P. • House Judiciary Committee began looking into impeachment • Nixon agreed to release “edited tapes” – Court wanted unedited tapes = Nixon refused – Court had enough evidence for impeachment • Tapes finally released on Aug. 5, 1974 / Nixon resigned Aug. 8 th

Gerald Ford • President Nixon resigned, then Vice President Spirow Agnew resigned. • Pardoned Nixon: cost him public support • Continued discussions with the Soviet Union – Helsinki Accords: Ford acknowledges Soviet dominance over Eastern Europe • South Vietnam surrendered to the North in 1975 • Communist take-over of Cambodia

Jimmy Carter • Environmentalist – presented more than 100 energy conservation measures to Congress – oil, gas, and automobile states blocked • Human Rights-Freedoms and liberties guide politics – Moral principles as a guide for US foreign policy – Carter cuts off foreign US support to countries who tortured their own citizens • Brazil and Argentine – Détente breakdown

Jimmy Carter • Pardon of draft evaders – Unconditional pardons of Vietnam deserters • Camp David Accords. Israel/Egypt – Carter calmed the tension between Egypt & Israel. Won Nobel Peace Prize.

Middle East Flash Back! • Post WWI--Ottoman Empire collapsed – Foreigners controlled region • Muslim Islamic Religion – Shia-Ali is rightful heir to Mohammad (founder) – Sunni-Mohammad died without declaring a successor (majority)

Jews vs. Arabs • Post WWII-95% of misplaced European Jews wanted to migrate to Palestine (Present day Israel) – Palestine controlled by Great Britain – Jews launch guerilla warfare on Brits in Palestine/Brits leave • United Nations creates Jewish state within Palestine – Truman & Stalin recognize new state of Israel • Arab League (1945)--Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan, and Yemen – Refuse to accept Israel – British arm Arabs against Israel

Israel Imperializes

Israel and Egypt Conflict • Suez Canal---Fr. And Brits own canal • Egypt wants to nationalize canal • Fr. , Brits, and Israel team up and attack Egypt • US (Carter) steps in and negotiates peace – Israel would leave Sanai Peninsula – Egypt would recognize Israel

Middle East Flash Back! • Iran – 89% Persian Country (Not Arab) – Shia Muslim Region – Post WWII-Iran aligns with US – Shah-King (pro-US) – US gives military aid and mo mo mo – Iran gave US oil=US corporations foothold • Early 1950 s-Prime Minister Mohammad Mosadegh is elected populist PM • 1953 Coup– Wants to nationalize oil-US is unhappy

US and Iran • Ayatollah Khomeini – Muslim leader in Iran that led rebels to overthrow the shah, & follow strict obedience of Qur’an- Islam’s holy book. • Argo Clip- https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_6 RGe q. NFa. QM • News Clip- https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=A 8 b. C 1 DEYb. I 4 • Causes Breakdown- https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=C 7 Ra. U Qq. P_E 8

http: //youtu. be/Q_AHJ Qi. Mx. Iw Jimmy Carter • Iran Hostage Crisis – Diplomatic Crisis – Iranian revolution supporters took US embassy hostage in Tehran • 52 Am. Held hostage for 444 days – US held the Shah of Iran • Revolutionaries wanted him back to put him on trial for crimes he committed against Iranians – Carter failed at release negotiations • Proved that Carter didn’t have enough experience in dealing with foreign policy.

Frontline: Showdown with Iran • http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/s howdown/

Ronald Reagan • • FDR was Reagan’s idol – Reagan reduced welfare, fought affirmative action programs. Big government was bad. Military = good Purpose of foreign policy = defeat communism Slash taxes $$ to freedom fighters in 3 rd world countries fighting communism 41% increase in defense spending Pledged to build 17, 000 new nukes

Reagan: Iran Contra • Spring 1985 • Israel give Iran American weapons in exchange for American hostages in Lebanon – U. S. would then resupply Israel – ***Trading weapons for hostages • NSC Staffer: Oliver North

• Reaganomics- strategy to give federal money to big business in hopes that it would trickle down to society. • Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)- a strategy Reagan wanted to develop to keep Americans safe from enemy missiles.

Ronald Reagan http: //youtu. be/qy. XFN 4 oc. N_o • “Just Say No”http: //youtu. be/9 Ih 4 t. BBi. PTc Advertising Campaign to discourage kids from recreational drugs • AIDS-disease of human immune system • Sandra Day O’Connorfirst woman appointed into Supreme Court. http: //youtu. be/60 p. AYx. Vdl 04

Russian Relations • Mikhail Gorbachev: Soviet President – Wanted to greatly improve Soviet relations w/the rest of the world – Transform the economy – Glasnost- Openness – Perestrokia- gov. restructuring • INF Treaty: Agreement that the U. S. and Soviets would destroy 4% of their nuclear arsenal – 1 st time ever that a treaty of this magnitude has been put into place – Allowed monitoring of the destruction of the nukes • Not a Reagan victory but a gift by Gorbachev

Collapse of the Soviet Union • Fall of the Berlin Wall

Communism Continues in China • Economic reform in early 80 s • Gov’t loosened grip small businesses and price control • Students demanded freedom of speech • April 1989 -Tiananmen Square – Student pro-democracy movement demonstration in Beijing – Premier Li Peng ordered military to slaughter protesters • Totalitarianism- Poltical system, gov’t has total control

• US as a World Power Unit 9 http: //youtu. be/Dh. FR_TRNdb. I

George H. Bush • Bush built on Reagan’s legacy and promised “Read my lips: no new taxes” in his acceptance speech at the Republican Convention.

George H. Bush • Persian Gulf War – 1980 s, Iran/Iraq War – Saddam Hussein- Iraqi dictator • Huge war debt • Claims oil-rich nation of Kuwait – Aug. 2, 1990 -Iraq invades Kuwait – Iraq wants Saudi Arabia too • Would control ½ of worlds oil fields

George H. Bush • Operation Desert Storm – Bush organized international coalition against Iraq aggression – Congress and UN support – Norman Schwarzkopfcommander in chief during Desert Storms.

George H. Bush • January 16, 1991 Massive air assault • February 23, 1991 Ground assault • Feb. 28, 1991 -Bush announces Cease-fire • Kuwait was liberated & Operation Desert Storm was over http: //youtu. be/l 2 TQ 8 a 4 LK 3 A

George H. Bush • Bush was 89% popular after Gulf War in 1991 • Nation hit recession and Bush’s approval rating dropped to 40% • Bush had no clear strategy to end recession and creating jobs

Bill Clinton Democrat • H. Ross Perot-3 rd party candidate; TX billionaire – Federal budget deficit #1 problem • Clinton wins-b/c moderate & plan to strengthen nation’s weak economy http: //youtu. be/i_1 o. ZCd. Wo 4 w

Bill Clinton • Domestic Front – Health Care Reform: Hillary Clinton-1 st lady – Reduced Federal deficit • Why? = booming economy – Reformed welfare – NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement • Adds Mexico to free trade zone with US and Canada • Strengthens all 3 economies • Cons-American jobs go to Mexico where wages are lower – Contract w/America • Drafted by Newt Gingrich-Republican Congressman who hated Clinton • 10 Promises Rep. gave to win control of Congress • 1994 - Voters gave Rep. control • Clinton clashes with Rep. controlled Congress • Clinton caught lying under oath about affair with White House Intern • Impeached but served the rest of his term.

Advanced Technology Group Activity • Brainstorm inventions that could improve our society. http: //youtu. be/Kg 4 n. HNQr. Krs http: //youtu. be/u. Q 1 Mqu. E-skg _________________ • Design it-What does it look like? • How much? —Cost, public or private? • Purpose- What social problem does your invention solve? • What affect or impact will your invention have on society? —Could it lead to other forms of advanced society?

1990 s Technology Boom • High-Tech Industries take over – NASDAQ-National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System • Technology-dominated stock index on Wall Street – Bill Gates-Microsoft – Dotcoms-high-tech business nickname – 1990 s, Internet-international network • instant text, images & sound – Telecommute-work out of home office

• Genetic Engineeringartificial changing of molecular biology of organisms cells to alter an organism • Entertainment Engineering http: //youtu. be/pp. ILw. Xws. Mng http: //youtu. be/1 w. K 1 Ixr-Um. M

Economic/Cultural Imperialism • Globalization-Intnt’l integration – Interchange of world views, products, ideas – Advances in Transportation & telecommunications • European Union-Eco. & political union – EU goals: • Free movement of people, goods and services

Crime and Terrorism 1993 - Waco, Texas Stand off • Religious group suspected of weapons violations • 51 day standoff with FBI • Fire broke out killing 76 men, women, and children • 6 FBI agents were killed 1995 Oklahoma City Bombing http: //youtu. be/q. PIADt. CY 9 f 8 • Domestic terrorist bomb attack on federal building • 168 people died from blast • Gulf War Veteran, Timothy Mc. Veigh found guilty and sentenced to death • Motivated by 1993 Waco Siege • Timed attack to coincide with Waco anniversary

Crime and Terrorism • 1993 World Trade Center Bombing – Truck Bomb – Terrorists demanding US end aid and relations with Israel • 1999 -Columbine HS, Colorado – 2 senior students murdered 12 students and 1 teacher, and then shot themselves – Motivation: wanted to rival the Oklahoma City Bombing – Sparked debate over Gun Laws, bullying in schools, and influence of violent video games – Increased school security

George W. Bush • 2000 Presidential Race – Democrat Al Gore- Clinton’s VP – Republican George W. Bush. Gov. of TX • Election Confusion – Recount in Florida-faulty counting machines – Supreme Court stops recount • Bush Wins

George W. Bush • Sept. 11, 2001 - Terrorist Attacks – Hijacked commercial jets struck twin towers of World Trade Center in NYC-Symbol of American finance – Pentagon hit – 3000 killed

• Islamic Fundamentalism- Militant ideology demanding political action – Goal: Revive theoretical relevance of Islam in the modern world – Theory and praxis go hand in hand • Al Qaeda- militant Islamist organization – Founded by Osama bin Laden – Suicide attacks, simultaneous bombings of different targets – Members-Training camps Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq or Sudan

George W. Bush • Response to 9/11 attacks • Patriot Act: -Domestic security against terrorism -Surveillance procedures -Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism -Border security -Victims of terrorism -Terrorism Criminal Law -Improved Intelligence

George W. Bush • 2001 Invasion of Afghanistan – US/NATO Goal: 1. Dismantle al Qaeda 2. Remove Taliban from political power – Taliban-Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan Islamic • Strict Islamic Law • Brutal treatment of women • Aided al Qaeda – Oct. 7, 2001 -US & UK launched Operation Enduring Freedom • Drove Taliban from power • Built military bases in major cities – May 2011 - Osama bin Laden found and killed – 3 weeks later, NATO plans exit strategy

Afghanistan War Today – Resurgences-2008, reported Taliban rebuilds • Suicide bombings increase by the Taliban – Taliban and allies responsible for Afghan Civilian Causalities • 2010 -75% / 2011 -80% / 2012 -80% – Drug Trade Funds War • Taliban controlled 96% of Afghan’s poppy fields; Opium= largest source of revenue – 2014: Withdrawal continues and the insurgency increases

Weapons of Mass Destruction and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq • Iraqi President Saddam Hussein believed to have weapons of mass destruction that threatened world peace. • President Bush invades Iraq in 2003 to search

National Disasters 2005, Hurricane Katrina. Deadliest and costliest disaster in US history • 1, 833 ppl died in New Orleans • Bush Adm. raised $105 billion for repairs and reconstruction • Criticism of government response – Local govt responsible for 1 st response – Fed govt steps in when locals exhausted all resources – Bush Admin didn’t step in until it was too late. » Government delayed response to flooding of New Orleans

The Great Recession – 2007 Housing Market collapsed • Home values had been going up and up, then bubble burst • Millions of homeowners stopped paying their mortgage loans • Banks stopped lending money • Unemployment rate started rising – George W. Bush’s administration response • Government rescued businesses that were “too big to fail” – Loan to banks, automakers, and companies

2008 Presidential Election – Republican John Mc. Cain- 72 yr. old Vietnam navy pilot • Captured and tortured for 5 years in POW camp – Democratic choices: • 1. Hillary Clinton-Twice elected senator from NY – Would be 1 st woman president • 2. Barack Obama-Senator from Illinois – Would be 1 st black president • Democrats chose Barack Obama

Barack Obama • Response to Great Recession Economic stimulus o. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 o. Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 o‘Obamacare’ • Domestic Relations 2010 -Republicans regained control of House of Representatives 2011 -Budget Control Act 2012 -American Taxpayer Relief Act

Polarization • Modern Elections and Polarization--Political attitudes to ideological extremes 1992 -3 rd party candidates o. Ex. H. Ross Perot v. Clinton 2000 -Electoral v. Popular vote o. Ex. Al Gore v. George Bush 2008 -Great Recession –Ex. Barack Obama’s Left view on strengthening the economy