New Zealand English Sergienko Kolegov Romaniuk Grammar

New Zealand English Sergienko Kolegov Romaniuk

Grammar • Changes in system of the nominal forms connected with category of number. Example: "data" ‐ "data, information" has plural and singular forms. In New Zealand "data" is used only in plural, but with a verb in singular: "Data is ready for processing. "

shall – will; should ‐ would • “Shall” is used only in incentive and interrogative forms: “Shall we go? You shall do that!” • "Would" has replaced "should" "I wouldn't be so sure of that, " ‐ Susan replied. (instead of "I shouldn't be so sure of that") "What for would I do that, Susie? " ‐ George demanded. (instead of "What for should I do that, Susie? ").

• The obsolete forms in England “whilst“ and “amongst“still in the course in New Zealand along with modern “while” – “among”. • “around” = “round” have defenitions"in one direction, approximately, in all directions". • Both forms are possible: disinterested/uninterested. • Flammable/inflammable are used in one defenition. • As well as in Britain, “different” is used with to/from. • Farther/further ‐ both forms are possible. • New Zealand has a non‐standard second‐person plural form youse (alternatively spelled )

Pronunciation New Zealand English is close to Australian English in pronunciation But • shows more affinity to English of Southern England • shows influence of Maori Speech • shows come Scottish and Irish influences Main differences of New Zealand English in comparison to other Englishes are shifted vowel sounds

Front vowels and the flattened “i” • Front vowels are pronounced higher in the mouth than in British English • The most noticeable difference is the flat “i”, which is lower and further back so that “illusion” is pronounced in a way sounding like “allusion”

The Additional Schwa • Newzealanders will insert the schwa to words such as grown, and mown, resulting in growen and mo-wen • but groan and moan are unaffected which means that these word pairs can be distinguished by ear, unlike in British English

Distinction between /eə/ & /ɪə/ • Words like "chair" and "cheer", (/tʃeə/, /tʃɪə/) are usually pronounced the same way (/tʃɪə/, that is as "cheer" in British, American or Australian English). The same occurs with "share" and "shear" (both pronounced /ʃɪə/), bear and beer, (/bɛə/, /bɪə/), spare and spear (/spɛə/, / spɪə /)

• In New Zealand English, the vowel in “short e” words like dress or bed moves very close to the vowel that Americans and Brits use in the word kit. In a strong Kiwi accent, therefore, red will sound very similar to American rid. • New Zealand bet and bit can sound sort of like “bit” and “but”

To give an example of all these vowel shifts in action, if a New Zealander were to say … • Peck the pack of pickles It might sound to an American like … • Pick the peck of puckles • There also quite a few jokes involving “six” and “sex, ” • “He may be dead!”(He may be did!) “He maybe did what? ” • “the sucks o’clock news” (the six's o’clock news)

Lexicon

Characteristic vocabulary. Distinctive English vocabulary: “tramping” (hiking) “to farewell” (to say good‐bye to), “to jack up” (arrange), “joker” (guy, bloke) “domain” (recreation area) “to uplift” (to collect, to pick up) “to go crook at” (be angry with) “bach” (cabin, cottage) ” She'll be right ”( meaning either "It will be okay" or "It is close enough to what is required". ) • ” Sweet as ” / Sweet adj. ( fine as far as I'm concerned) • • •

Shared with Australian English: • • • “barrack for” (give support to) “crook” (bad) “dill” (fool) “chook” (chicken) “dunny” (lavatory) “informal vote” (invalid vote)

The dominant influence of Māori on New Zealand English is lexical. • flora and fauna • material culture; i. e. words referring to tangible and visible manifestations of Māori culture • social culture; i. e. words referring to non‐ material aspects of a culture, such as actions, concepts and relationships

Adoptions from Maori and other Polynesian languages: “mana” (prestige, power) “aue” (expression of astonishment) “haere mai” ( a greeting) “haka” (posture dance) “pakeha” (a non‐Maori person, generally of European descent. ) • “tapu” (sacred) • “aiga” (Samoan “extended family”) • “eoh; eoa; aoh “derived from the Maori "e hoa" (friend). Used as a friendly term meaning "mate" in the NZEng equivalent. • • •