New Nuclear Plant Deployment Gary Fader Director New

New Nuclear Plant Deployment Gary Fader Director, New Plant Deployment Institute of Nuclear Power Operations

INPO - Our Roots • March 28, 1979 • Three Mile Island – a catalyst for industry improvement • INPO’s unique role – Self-regulation through peer review

President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island • Set and police standards of excellence • Systematic gathering and analysis of operating experience • Accredited training • Operator training and plant simulators

’s Mission To promote the highest levels of safety and reliability - to promote excellence in the operation of nuclear electric generating plants

Our Workforce 2008 • • 325 Permanent 65 On Loan 10 On Reverse Loan Budget ~ $90 million

Institute of Nuclear Power Operations National Academy for Nuclear Training World Association of Nuclear Operators

Cornerstone Programs Evaluations Training & Accreditation Analysis & Information Exchange Assistance

Other Activities New Plant Development • Worldwide benchmarking International Program • Information exchange • Technical support Supplier Participant Program • Vendor advice • Industry issues (continued)

Members and Participants Members 27 U. S. Utility Members who operate nuclear power plants and 38 Utility Associate Member co-owners International Participants (14) Brazil Japan Belgium Spain Slovak Republic Canada South Korea Romania Taiwan Slovenia France Mexico South Africa United Kingdom Supplier Participants (17) AREVA Bechtel Black & Veatch Day & Zimmermann General Electric Hitachi Honeywell Louisiana Energy Services Mitsubishi Nuclear Fuel Services PBMR Sargent & Lundy Scientech The Shaw Group Toshiba Washington Group Westinghouse

WANO Organization Moscow London Atlanta Paris Coordinating Center Tokyo Regional Centers

Why Nuclear, Why Now? • • • Energy needs Energy independence Environmental considerations Safety & efficiency Licensing confidence Federal financial incentives

Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Nuclear Fuel • Uranium primarily mined in: – Canada, Australia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Niger, Namibia, others • Conversion to UF 6 – US, Canada, France, UK, Russia, others • Enrichment – France, Germany, Netherlands, UK, US, Russia, others

What Happens to Used Nuclear Fuel in the US? • NRC requires contract with DOE for spent fuel removal • Currently, ~ 75, 000 metric tons is stored at over 100 nuclear power plants in pools or casks. • DOE plans to store/bury used fuel at Yucca Mountain in Nevada - $13. 5 B spent • Cost of storage – All nuclear electricity is taxed at 0. 1¢/k. Whr for a disposal fund, which will pay for storage (~$500 million/year, >$22 B not spent)

International • Countries that reprocess spent fuel: – France, UK, Russia, Japan • 1% each Uranium and Plutonium (MOX) recovered • 1/5 original volume for disposal • Remaining waste vitrified, stored

Current Situation in U. S. • Funding reduced for Yucca Mt. • What’s needed: – Interim centralized storage – Technology & business case for reprocessing – Licensing of permanent disposal site • Bipartisan commission proposed to reassess program

Environmental: Nu Clear “Nuclear power produces 70% of US carbon-free electricity” (Steven Chu at Senate confirmation hearing)

Significant Events Significant events meet one or more of the following criteria: • Degradation of important safety equipment • A major transient or unexpected plant response • Degradation of fuel integrity, primary coolant pressure boundary, or important associated structures • A reactor trip with complications • An unplanned release of radioactivity exceeding the technical specifications or regulations • Operation outside the technical specification limits • Other events considered significant

Unit Capability Factor

Percent Unplanned Capability Loss

10 CFR 52 Combined Licenses, Early Site Permits, and Standard Design Certifications Reactor Construction Verification of Inspection, Tests, Analyses, and Acceptance Criteria Combined License Review and Hearing Reactor Operation Early Site Permit* Standard Design Certification*

Timelines • Design certification – 2 -4 years to prepare – 30 -48+ months for NRC review – 12 months for rulemaking • Early Site Permit – 12 -18 months to prepare – 21 month NRC review – 12 months for hearing • Combined license – 12 -24 months to prepare – 42 month NRC review, assuming DC & ESP are referenced – 12 months for hearings

Energy Policy Act Incentives • Standby Support Coverage for delays beyond owner’s control – $500 million for first two plants, – $250 million for next four after a 180 day period • Production Tax Credits – $18/MWh for 6, 000 MW caped at $125 million for a 1, 000 MW plant • Loan Guarantees – Low emission generation up to 80% of total project cost – 80/20 Debt-equity structure, with debt underwritten by Federal government

Current Statistics • Early site permits: – 3 issued, 1 under review • Design Certifications – 2 issued – 4 under review (AP-1000 amendment) • COL applications: – 17 submitted (26 units) – 23 total expected (34 units)

More Statistics • Long-lead equipment orders: – 9 utilities ordered large forgings – 6 steel containment shells AP-1000 – 24 Rx coolant pumps AP-1000 • EPC Contracts: – 4 in place – 1 firm commitment to construct • Financial incentives: – Loan guarantees: 15 applications ($93 B vs. $18. 5 B allocated) – 5 eligible per DOE

More Statistics • Spent fuel disposal – 19 contracts with DOE – Fuel removal starts 20 years from 1 st refueling – Removal complete 10 years after shutdown – $5 M/yr penalty

More Statistics - Global • NPPs actively under construction: – China (10), India (6), Russia (4), Japan (2), France (1), South Korea (8), Taiwan (2), U. S. (1) • 106 on order/planned in 24 countries • 200 under consideration in 37 countries

Flamanville 3 - France

Flamanville 3 – Reactor Containment

Shin-Kori 1 & 2– South Korea

Advanced Plant Designs • Currently under consideration: – GE Advanced BWR (Certified May 97) – Westinghouse AP-1000 PWR (Certified Jan 06) – GE Economic Simplified BWR (Applic. Aug 05) – AREVA Evolutionary PWR (Applic. Fall 07) – Mitsubishi US Advanced PWR (Applic. Mar 2008) • Others: – Westinghouse (CE) System 80+ (Certified May 97) – Pebble Bed Modular Reactor – Westinghouse AP-600 (Certified Dec 99)

General Design Features • GE Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (vessel internal recirculation pumps, 3 trains active safety systems, 1350 MWe), 4 units operating & 1 under construction in Japan, 2 units under construction in Taiwan • Westinghouse AP-1000 (conventional primary & secondary PWR systems, passive safety systems, 1100 MWe), 4 units under construction in China

General Design Features • GE Economic Simplified BWR (natural circulation main coolant system, passive safety systems, 1500 MWe) • AREVA Evolutionary PWR (conventional primary & secondary systems, 4 trains active safety systems, 1600 MWe), under construction in Finland, France China (2)

General Design Features • Mitsubishi US Advanced PWR (conventional primary & secondary systems, 4 trains active safety systems, advanced accumulator design, 1700 MWe), similar plant in licensing in Japan

Control Rooms • All plants use digital instrumentation & controls for control and protection • Some emergency safeguards actions backed up by hard-wired controls • All control rooms use flat-panel screens for operator interface, with large screen displays • Most plants have automated startup & shutdown

Current U. S. Control Room

Lungmen Simulator

Tomari 3 Simulator

Westinghouse Simulator

INPO Activities Provide Info & Experience – Operating experience to influence design – Past US construction experience – International benchmarking for new plant deployment – Construction experience exchange process

INPO Activities Training and Accreditation – Training guidelines – Process for Initial Accreditation of Training in the Nuclear Power Industry

Current INPO Activities • Assistance – Visits to suppliers • • Design control / quality program Engineering human performance Corrective action Use of operating experience – Equipment reliability process – Configuration management process – Industry meetings to share construction lessons learned

Current INPO Activities Cont’d • Conduct on-site visits to Watts Bar 2 – Review, Assistance • Revise plant review guidelines • Conduct construction site visits (later) – Quality program implementation – Operational programs development and implementation – Operational readiness

Key Construction Lessons • COL holder organization is in place and integrated with the engineering, procurement, & construction contractor • COL holder oversight (COL holder’s managers continually assess contractor work) • QA organizations in place ( procedures, qualified staff), and workers understand the need for quality construction

Key Construction Lessons • Adequate construction staffing (project managers, QA/QC inspectors, welders, electricians) • Maintaining standardization • Design essentially complete before construction and construction in compliance with design

Questions?