Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East p

Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East p. 394

Resistance Reborn • World War I weakened the imperialists • This encouraged colonial nationalists in Africa, West Asia, and the rest of the world.

EC: Africans had many reasons to resent the Europeans (5) • Much land was used for export cash crops instead food – Caused famines for local people • What little money Africans were paid was reduced by imperialist taxes and high food prices. • Africans forced by Whites off the best land – (Kenya, Rhodesia) • Local African landowners were not allowed to grow the money-making crops. • Europeans controlled African movement by forcing them to carry pass-books – In many colonies Africans were forbidden to go where Whites lived/worked without permission.

Increased African Resistance • EC: Western-educated Africans learned how to protest against the imperialists. (3) – They used technology (printing, audio/film recording) to reach the European and American media and publics. – They argued that Woodrow Wilson’s idea of selfdetermination was a right of all peoples of the world. – Using the international media, they found growing support in the Western nations among liberals and anti-imperialists.

Apartheid: • Formal legal system enforcing segregation of Blacks in South Africa (1948)

Pan-Africanism: • A Black nationalist movement that began in North America and spread back to Africa. • Two Americans promoted it: (2) – Marcus Garvey: Africa for Africans; “Back to Africa” movement. • He believed that Whites would never allow Africans to be equal and that Africans had to regain their control of Africa. – W. E. B. Dubois: Also believed in promotion of Black rights. • He believed that Blacks had to demand their rights from White governments, and, eventually, their own lands. • Dubois organized the Pan-African Congress, in 1919. American and African delegates composed a charter of rights. – White powers ignored them, but the movement continued to grow.

Negritude movement: • Began with French-speaking Blacks in the Caribbean and West Africa. – They wrote of pride in being African. – They criticized White Imperialism – They demanded rights and self-determination for all Africans. – EC: One significant spokesman, in Senegal, was …. . • Leopold Senghor,

Egypt • Britain gave Egypt independence, in 1922, but continued to influence its government. • EC Anti-British Egyptians formed the ________ – Muslim Brotherhood • Its purpose was to: (2) – resist British culture in Egypt – oppose corruption in the Egyptian government.

The Turkish Republic. • Asia Minor: • The peninsula where modern Turkey is. • EC: The Sultan was humiliated by the Treaty of Sevres, 1919: (2) – Land taken by Allies – Greece attempted to take more lands • _______ , a WWI hero, led an overthrow of the Sultan: • Mustafa Kemal,

Kemal • The first president of the Turkish Republic • Stopped the Greek invasion. – Agreed to remove 1. 3 million Greeks and 400, 000 Turks from disputed lands. • Turks called him “Ataturk” – father of the Turks, – He began many reforms that modernized Turkey and made it self-reliant:

EC: Ataturk’s Reformed Turkey • Replaced Islamic traditions with Western ones. (3) – Laws – Education – Government • Expanded industrial infrastructure: (3) – Railroads – Factories – Industrial and financial advisors from the West • Made Turkey economically independent. • Turkish Muslim traditionalists will hate and resist him for reducing the influence of Islam in Turkish society.

Pan-Arabism: • The growing movement, after WW I, in the Middle East to unite all Arabs from West Asia to North Africa, – to free those under Western rule, – to protect themselves from Western take-over and exploitation. • EC: This area includes: (8) – – – – Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia Morocco Libya

Anger at the West • The betrayal of Arabs at the Paris Peace Conference infuriated Arab nationalists. – No freedom and lands for helping the Allies win WWI, as promised. – “mandates”: – Many Arabs were taken over by the French and British as part of the Versailles and other treaties for “protection”. • In the Middle East, who got what? • Britain: (3) – Palestine, Trans-Jordan, Iraq • France: (2) – Lebanon, Syria • Many in the Middle East still resent and distrust the West.

Palestine/Israel • Balfour Declaration: • Agreement between Britain and Zionists, (Jewish nationalists) 1917: – Jews in Central Power nations would work to sabotage the war efforts of Germany and Austria-Hungary – Britain would give Jews a homeland in Palestine (biblically called “Israel”)

EC: Reasons for the Jewish-Arab conflict in Palestine after WWI: (3) • Arabs losing lands to Jews rapidly • Religious differences between Judaism, Islam, and Christianity • Extremists began attacks – Arabs on Jewish settlers to • slow down immigration • drive Jews out – Jews retaliate against Arabs to protect themselves

EC: White Rule: Southern Africa • South Africa built a brutally repressive system of segregation of Blacks. – They based their laws on ___________ philosophy – Social Darwinist – They also copied many _______ laws from the United States. – “Jim Crow”

White Rule: Southern Africa • It meant secure White economic, political, and social control. EC: What were some ways it was practiced? (5) – Better-paying mine jobs for Whites only – Blacks controlled by pass-books • Police strictly enforced rules on Blacks – Blacks forced to live in “townships”, organized like native. American reservations in US. • Worst land • Curfews – Torture, arrest, jail for Blacks if laws broken – Black voting rights removed in 1936 – Black political parties outlawed • African National Congress (ANC) continued to work underground – Many members arrested and mistreated – African Christian churches were one way Blacks could speak out.

6, Image, 395 • Why do you think that the white people have forced the African people behind a barbed wire fence? • To forcefully ensure segregation of Blacks from Whites. – White South Africans set up systems to give them economic and social control – They would be the only ones to benefit.

Standards Check, p. 395 • In what ways did colonial powers try to control African life? • The colonizers set up economic and political systems that benefitted mainly themselves.

Thinking Critically, 396 -7 • Questions • 1 How did the methods of the ANC in South Africadiffer from the Wafd party in Egypt • The African National Congress protested legally – It sought to reform specific laws. • The Wafd Party protested violently with strikes and riots. • 2 Why is it important to learn about early protest movements in Africa, despite the fact that most colonies did not gain independence until after WWII? • It shows that different African peoples had been working for independence from the imperialists for many decades before they were finally granted it.

Standards Check, p. 397 • What significance does the phrase “Africa for Africans” have? • Encourage nationalism • End colonial rule • Unite Africans in their desire for independence.

Biography, 398 • Why is Ataturk considered the “Father of the Turks”? • Because he led the fight to start the Turkish Republic and modernized it.

Persia (Iran) • In 1925, ______ takes control of Persia, becoming the “Shah” (emperor). – Reza Khan, – Britain still had strong influence over him: • EC: He also modernized Persia (2) – More concessions from British oil companies – More Iranians hired in more powerful economic and government positions. • EC: He made strict anti-Islam rules as _____ did in Turkey. – Kemal • This will anger Shi’ite Muslims, • Iranian secret police will arrest many for the next few decades. • EC: Petroleum drew more Western oil companies to the Middle East. Especially from …. . – the United States. – The oil companies were powerful enough to have their governments force Iran and others to cooperate.

Standards Check, p. 398 • What did the reforms of Ataturk and Reza have in common? • Focused on • modernizing industry and transportation • Secularizing schools • Westernizing culture

Map Skills, 399 • Questions • 2 What natural resource was discovered in the Middle East around this time? What effect did it have on the region? • Petroleum (oil) • The discovery of oil caused foreign companies to begin moving to the Middle East to exploit the resource. – The oil companies used their governments to force Arab nations to cooperate. • 3 List the ways foreign influence affected the Middle East in the 1920’s? • Britain controlled Palestine, Iraq, and Transjordan • France controlled Syria

Arab-Israeli Conflict Begins • Britain won control of Palestine from ______ • Turkey – They began to allow Jewish-European migrants into Palestine. • The British promised to protect the rights of “existing non-Jewish communities”, – Palestinian Arabs were often forced to relocate to make room for Jews moving in. – Jewish groups were able to raise large funds and buy more land, even buy out Arabs.

EC: Why were many Jews so anxious to leave Europe? (3) • Pogroms – Growing expulsions in Eastern Europe— • Russian Czar ordered millions of Jews out of Russia • Growing violence and killings of Jews in Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, • Anti-Semitism across Europe…. – Anti-Semitic speeches and literature in many European nations advocating: • Violence • Destruction • Confiscation of Jewish property and religious sites.

Standards Check, p. 400 • Why did Palestine become a conflict after World War I? • The Balfour Declaration…. . – Britain supported a Jewish Homeland in Palestine. • Jews began immigrating – Palestinian Arabs were denied independence by Britain • They began losing land to Jews.

Quick Write • How did the end of WWI lead to tensions in the Middle east? Relate these tensions to modern issues in the same reason.