National security adviser Henry Kissinger Realpolitik Achieve

National security adviser Henry Kissinger Realpolitik Achieve détente (w/ both China and Soviets) Take advantage of rivalry between China and the Soviets Reduction of Cold War tensions 1972 trip to China, ending hostility China #1 trade partner Soviets meet with U. S (1972) Sell $750 million a yr worth of wheat, corn, and other cereals over 3 yrs Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) Limit antiballistic missiles production; not need to reduce # already have Chile 1970 Oppose Prez Allende (communist) who is chosen by the people legally CIA intervention Support dictator Augusto Pinochet

“Imperial Presidency” Revenue sharing Social programs shifted to locals but funds from feds Expand Welfare (so Nixon not very conservative) Food Stamps Supplemental Security Income(SSI) assist aged, blind and disabled Affirmative Action (Philly Plan)LIBERAL “Reverse discrimination” by executive order Created DEA (Drug Enforcement Admin. ) EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

Issues (stagflation) 1970 -2 recession LBJ fought two wars w/ no tax increase U. S in debt More imports than exports More service jobs than manufacturing Nixonomics 90 day wage and price freeze (‘ 71) 10% surtax on imports End of gold standard, devalues the dollar Automatic increase in Social Security benefits based on cost of living increase (protect from inflation)

Nixon minority Prez Appeal to “silent majority” VP Spiro Agnew blamed all the U. S problems on liberals and media Southern strategy ‘ 68 Appt conservative court Chose Warren E Burger to replace Earl Warren (1969) But Burger not overturn Warren rulings Delay integration (busing) Nixon wins election of 1972 Populist George Wallace paralyzed Democrat Mc. Govern too liberal

October 1973, Syrians and Egyptians surprise attacked Israel (Yom Kippur War) Recover lands lost in Six Day War in 1967 U. S supports Israel Arab nations of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) placed oil embargo on Israel supporters $2 bill in war materials Lifts in 1974, but raises oil prices 4 x Results Long lines at gas station Recession + inflation Buy fuel efficient Japanese car Hurt American car industry; loss of jobs 55 mph speed limit Alaska pipeline

Used the “plumbers” to stop leaks Wire taps on Nixon’s staff Discredit opponents (had a list of names) No proof Nixon part of illegal activities 1972, men hired by Nixon’s reelection committee (CREEP) caught breaking into offices of Democrats at Watergate complex to “bug” 26 presidential aides sentenced to jail Investigation shows Nixon part of cover up Didn’t want to release Oval Office tapes House voted 3 articles of impeachment Charged with obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress Nixon resigned Aug. 9 th 1974 Results Increased the public’s feelings that govt corrupt Proved strength of constitutional sys, esp. its balance of powers Import of media

VP first unelected President Agnew had to resign in 1973 (bribes) Pardoned Nixon Congress investigates the CIA Helsinki Accords 1975 George Bush called to reform the CIA 30 nations including Soviets Cooperate economically, respect existing national boundaries, and promote human rights 1975 Cambodia falls to Communists (Khmer Rouge) U. S attacks a Cambodia naval base that had captured the U. S merchant ship Mayaguez Freed 39, 38 Marines died

Carter wins election of 1976 97% African Americans vote for Carter Success because “Washington outsider, ” also his downfall Human Rights Appt Andrew Young- African American as UN ambassador Call for end of black oppression in Zimbabwe and South Africa End aid to Argentina and Chile Camp David Accords (1978) Peace between Israel and Egypt (BIGGEST SUCCESS!!) Israel withdrew from Sinai Peninsula Egypt 1 st Arab nation to recognize Israel Panama Canal (1978) Return to Panama in 2000

Shah of Iran overthrown by Khomeini. Oil shortage(1979) Leads to “national malaise speech” that upset Americans Inflation at 13% (1979 -80) Three Power plant failure emits radiation in Pennsylvania SALT Mile Island (1979) II (1979) Not ratified b/c of Soviets in Afghanistan Don’t want Soviets to control oil rich Persian Gulf Even, boycotted 1980 Olympics U. S creates Rapid Deployment Force American embassy (Tehran) taken hostage: Carter’s rescue mission fails (1980)

“Old Right” Southerners and Westerners for States’ rights “New Support Right” Religious and family values Denounced: Abortion Affirmative action Gay rights Feminism Big govt New Deal liberalism Gun control Welfare

Won Election of 1980 Republicans control Senate Joined w/ conservative Demo. in House New budget, cuts $ 40 bill in social programs Supply side economics aka. “Trickle down” Cut taxes, reduces govt spending, allows ppl to invest, which helps all 25% decrease in income taxes Small investors tax free savings (IRAs) Tax breaks for upper income taxpayers Deregulation (less govt restrictions) Tough on labor unions Fired federal air traffic controllers for violating contract b/c of strike. Decertified their union

1982, recession Unemployment at 11% Banks failed, businesses bankrupt Economy Recovered. Reagan vindicated? Reality Income gaps widened Yuppies- young urban pros with high incomes Middle class stagnant and declined Budget deficits Debtor nation Massive govt borrowing Nat. l debt $2 trill. Trade deficit $150 bill Loan Scandal/ Black Monday (1987) Military spending

Court Sandra Day O’Connor First woman on the Court (1981) Restrictions on abortion and affirmative action Regents of Univ. of Cali v Bakke (1978) College admissions can’t use strict racial quotas Religious Rev. Jerry Falwell (Moral Majority) 1979 Finances campaigns to unseat liberal members of Congress “Right to Life” Election Right of 1984 Jesse Jackson’s Democratic nominee “Rainbow Coalition”- all minorities together

Called Soviets – “evil empire” Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) aka Star Wars battle stations in space that could fire laser beams to vaporize missiles Central Nicaragua – Sandinistas regime (1979) Support contras, right wing rebels Boland Amendment- no more aid El Salvador America/Caribbean Cold War U. S support govt against leftist guerillas Grenada Coup led to pro-Cuban regime 1983 marines invaded the island to stop Communist base from being est.

Iran Contra Affair (1985 -6) Admin. secretly sold arms to Iranians Use profits to fund contras in Nicaragua Ignored the Boland Amendment Reagan said unaware; looked incompetent Lebanon (1982) Israel invaded to attack Palestinian guerilla bases Left Lebanon in chaos. Already was in civil war Reagan sent troops to help with peace Terrorist killed 241 marines by driving bomb filled truck into barracks Terrorist bomb embassy in Beirut, killing 63 Gave Palestinians a home and Arafat recognize Israel (1988)

Soviets Gorbachev willing to compromise (1985) Glasnost openness, more political freedom of citizens Perestroika restructure econ. using free market practices Need to free up money for economy INF treaty 1987 banning all intermediate-range nuclear missiles