National Public Safety Telecommunications Council RPC Training Session: Topic III Overview of Coexistence Planning for Narrowband, Wideband, & Broadband Operations Islip, New York, November 14, 2006 Sean O’Hara NPSTC Technical Support Regions 8, 19, 28, 30 and 55 SRC - State of New York - SWN 315 -452 -8152 (office) ohara@syrres. com NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications David Eierman Motorola Principal Staff Engineer (410) 712 -6242 (office) David. Eierman@motorola. com www. NPSTC. org
Introduction • Purpose – Introduce RPCs to techniques and requirements for handling coordination and coexistence of diverse 700 MHz technologies – This will only provide an overview • Relevancy – Immediate need to manage these issues, since 700 MHz spectrum is likely to become flexible use to a much larger degree than it was “yesterday” • Audience – Technical – System Operators, RPC Technical Committee Members, Frequency Coordinators, Spectrum and System Planners, etc • Collaboration – These guidelines were developed through collaboration with Industry as well as public safety – Data. Radio, Lucent Technologies, M/A-COM, Motorola, NPSTC, Qualcomm • Next Steps – NPSTC and Industry will generate and make available a detailed set of coexistence guidelines early on in 2007 NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Reminder • It is up to us (the RPCs) to manage this spectrum effectively • If we do not… – Interference will result – Regional capacity will drop – Flexibility will go out the window • The FCC gives us basic rules – we can impose whatever additional Regional restrictions/rules are necessary to manage the spectrum – The spectrum management responsibility has been given to us NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Final BB/WB/NB Guidelines • The final Guidelines will be written such that it could be adapted by the RPCs without having to develop their own. • The Guidelines will contain: – Coordination procedures – Deployment recommendations (power flux limits, minimum desired level targets, etc) – Interference mitigation procedures NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Overview and Schedule Topic Time Introduction and Overview 02 minutes Key Concepts and Technologies 03 minutes (end at 01: 35) Co-Channel Coordination 10 minutes (end at 01: 45) Adjacent Channel and Out of Band or “Off. Channel” Coordination 35 minutes (end at 02: 20) Examples 30 minutes (end at 02: 50) Questions and Answers and Feedback 10 minutes (end at 03: 00) NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Key Concepts • Recall some concepts from earlier session – they are important here as well: – Reliability – Channel Performance Criterion (CPC) for Voice and Data Services – Near/Far Effects • Adjacent Channel Coupled Power Ratio (ACCPR) • We do not have time to review these in full here, but please ask Q’s if appropriate as we go along NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
700 Technologies • Narrowband Technologies – – – • Voice and Data up to ~100 kbps (raw) 6. 25 k. Hz, 12. 5 k. Hz, 25 k. Hz C 4 FM, F 4 FM, GFSK, QAM FDD, FDMA/TDMA Project 25, Open. Sky, HPD, others Wideband Technologies – – – • Use: Channel Size Modulation Methods: Access Methodologies: Products: Data up to ~800 kbps (raw) 50 k. Hz, 100 k. Hz, 150 k. Hz QPSK through 64 -QAM, FM/N-ary FSK FDD, and TDD SAM, IOTA, others Broadband Technologies – – – Use: Channel Size Modulation Methods Access Methodologies: Products: Voice & High Speed Data (beyond 1 Mbps) 1. 25 MHz to 5 MHz OFDM with QAM, CDMA with N-PSK FDD, and TDD 802. 16/e, 802. 20, cdma 2000 EVDO, UMTS NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council Co-Channel Coordination NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Co-Channel Planning • Co-channel planning for most situations is a matter of bandwidth and power coupling ratios – NB to NB, WB to WB – NB to WB, NB to BB* – WB to BB • BB to BB involves technology aspects as well *NB to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Power Coupling • Recall the ACCPR calculations covered in the earlier session. • The same calculations need to be done for the co-channel cases, except the signals now overlap. • This can actually be easier, since the interfering power density is either (1) more uniform over the capture filter shape or (2) is completely captured by the victim receiver. NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
DWE Power Coupling 6. 25 -k. Hz 12. 5 -k. Hz 25. 0 -k. Hz 50 -k. Hz Unless both signals are BB… For planning, you can simply look at the total power of the interfering signal, derated by the power coupled into the other signal 100 -k. Hz 150 -k. Hz 1. 25 MHz NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
DWE Power Coupling De-rate co-channel interferer’s ERP by the table at left, then perform normal co-channel analyses Note that as the victim bandwidth gets wider it captures more interference Also note that as the interferer gets wider, it offers less interference into narrower victim, bandwidths NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
DWE Implications • With -23 d. B power coupling, a single NB/WB to co-channel BB* coordination can be treated much like an adjacent channel coordination was performed at NPSPAC – NB and BB can get much closer to each other than NB to NB or NB to WB • However, a BB* signal may capture many NB/WB co-channel interferers at each field point – All the NB/WB power must be captured and combined like in the multiple NB interferer cases shown earlier today. – BB may be the one to get interfered with first. *NB to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Implications SYS-1 NB/WB 4 Channels SYS-2 BB 1 Channels SYS-2 (BB) gets interfering power from both SYS-1 (NB), and SYS-3 (NB/WB) Therefore it suffers reliability degradation as much as 6 -10 d. B earlier, with reduced throughput at cell edges SYS-3 NB/WB 3 Channels NB to BB is a special case for border areas or by waiver NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Technology Dependent Considerations • OFDM/A to OFDM/A – Still collecting information on this, will cover in more detail in the final guidelines – Must use FDD in this allocation, right now Wi. MAX (802. 16) is focused on TDD • CDMA to CDMA – Intra-system co-channel operations are handled through the technology and handoffs – Inter-system co-channel coordination is possible, even between adjacent counties • However, systems should be coordinated (PN-offset codes) and synchronized • RPCs should encourage and/or require this coordination • CDMA to OFDM/A – Use power coupling method • All Technologies – Right now there is a real need for consistent CPCf specifications across the technologies – These will need to be a “CPC function”, one that related required S/( I+N) to data throughput/goodput, message success rate or some other data metric NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council Adjacent and Off Channel Coordination NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Adjacent and Off Channel Coordination • In this area we look at coexistence of both direct adjacent channel technologies as well as off-channel technologies – Adjacent are within one NB/WB channel block width (NB: up to 25 -k. Hz, WB: up to 150 -k. Hz) – Off-Channels can be as far away as 10 -MHz • The main factor involved is the determination of near/far “Hole” sizes and impacts (“Swiss Cheese”) – Caused by ACCPR effects – Caused by Out of Band Emissions (OOBE) • Undesired emissions from other deployments leaking into the band where the desired signal operates – Caused by receiver effects (IM and Overload) • High levels of out of band power that cause the victim receiver to operate in a non-linear manner and degrade the ability to receive and understand the desired signal NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
“Swiss Cheese”, Reliability Loss Mobile Reliability (Noise-Only) Mobile Reliability (Interference from Bases) NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications Mobile Reliability (Interference from Mobiles) 18 www. NPSTC. org
C/( I+N), “Swiss Cheese” Effects Note the mobile “edge of cell” effects from TDD or OOBE NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 19 www. NPSTC. org
C/( I+N), “Swiss Cheese” Effects S/( N+I) Useful Range Overall Reduction In Sensitivity Reliability Loss S/N NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 20 www. NPSTC. org
Adjacent Channel Coordination • Recall earlier session on TSB-88 -based coordination • Process – Compute technology to technology ACCPR – De-rate interferer and follow co-channel approach • Avoid allowing the adjacent channel interferer’s site inside victim’s service area – Manage near/far in overlap areas • If adjacent channel is BB, use off-channel approach NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
DWE Off-Channel Near/Far Holes • Need to look at path isolation, IM, and link analyses for scenarios of interest – Necessary to understand the problem • We will review the magnitude of the noise floor degradations with respect to current rules, and consistent broadband rules set for the 700 MHz public safety allocations – Current Rules: Part 27, Commercial use of the upper 700 MHz • Examine what attenuation a guard band or guard distance must provide to narrowband broadband operations • Assess impacts to public safety – Frequency coordination and utilization issues – Size and impact of interference “holes” NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
DWE Near/Far Holes from BB OOBE: Existing Part 27 Rules PS and Commercial BB NB PS LMR -36 d. Bm + 10 d. B Main Beam Gain (and line losses) -46 d. Bm Desired Mobile Signal - 92 d. Bm Z = 15 d. B -107 d. Bm 97% Reliability at CPC (Z=1. 88, =8) Reliability Losses 76 + 10 log. P into 6. 25 k. Hz Additional filtering and guard band of about 1 MHz can reduce this further Path Isolation: Coupling loss between the output of the dipole transmit antenna and a victim dipole = Free space loss between dipoles + Antenna pattern discrimination below main beam 50% Reliability at CPC 18 d. B CPCf -125 d. Bm NB Noise Floor = k. TB + NF NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 23 www. NPSTC. org
Typical Antenna Pattern (824 -896 MHz) -DB 872 G 60 A Panel Antenna- Horizontal/Azimuth Pattern NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications Vertical/Elevation Pattern 24 www. NPSTC. org
Path Isolation Parameters R 2 = d 2 + h 2 Distance for Free Space Loss = atan(h/d) h R The depression angle and downtilt angle are used to determine antenna pattern discrimination below main beam. d NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications Field Location 25 www. NPSTC. org
Vertical Pattern Attenuation for Several Transmit Heights (Using 3 -degrees Downtilt) 30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights Antenna discrimination has little effect after ~ 75 to 175 -m NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 26 www. NPSTC. org
Free Space Path Loss Between Dipoles 30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights Antenna height little effect after ~ 25 to 100 -m NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 27 www. NPSTC. org
Path Isolation 30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights, with 3 -deg downtilt Antenna and TX height dominate at 100 to 350 -m Free space loss dominates after NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 28 www. NPSTC. org
The Table Lamp: Path Isolation 30 m transmitter height, with 3 -deg downtilt Free Space Antenna Nulls NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 29 www. NPSTC. org
Path Isolation (Free Space Loss, and Vertical Pattern Attenuation) 30, 50, 70, and 100 meter transmit heights, with 3 -deg downtilt ~ 80 d. B Typical for PS LMR ~ 70 d. B Typical for Cellular NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 30 www. NPSTC. org
OOBE Reliability Degradation vs. Hole Size Probability of Achieving DAQ of 3. 5 for P 25 Standard Mobile Noise Limited Design (97%) Long distance reliability degradation effects Large reliability losses in “Hole” for lower sites NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
OOBE Reliability Degradation vs. Hole Size Probability of Achieving DAQ of 3. 5 for P 25 Mobile Noise + 5 d. B Margin Design (97%) No long distance reliability degradation effects Manageable reliability losses in “Hole” for all sites NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
OOBE Reliability Degradation vs. Hole Size Probability of Achieving DAQ of 3. 5 for P 25 Standard Portable* Noise Limited Design (97%) No long distance reliability degradation effects Manageable reliability losses in “Hole” for all sites *10 d. B Antenna losses NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 33 www. NPSTC. org
DWE Power Flux Density (PFD) Desired Undesired Individual PFD: Total power of individual undesired signals Cumulative PFD: Total power of all undesired signals NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 34 www. NPSTC. org
Near/Far Holes from NB/WB/BB IM PS Commercial NB/WB/BB Power Flux Density at the Input to NB Victim Dipole - 45 d. Bm NB PS LMR Portable radio antenna losses relative to dipole (if applicable) Desired Mobile Signal - 92 d. Bm Z = 15 d. B -107 d. Bm 97% Reliability at CPC (Z=1. 88, =8) Reliability Losses IMR IM Rejection relative to static sensitivity of PS receiver IMR(NB) < IMR(WN) < IMR(BB) IMR(NB) ~ 75 d. B (Mobile) 50% Reliability at CPC 18 d. B CPCf -125 d. Bm Static Sensitivity = k. TB + NF + Cs/N NB Noise Floor = k. TB + NF NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 35 www. NPSTC. org
DWE Progression of Off Channel Interference (NB, WB, and BB) As signal levels on the ground rise, the impacts shift from OOBE to IM to Overload NB/WB to WB/NB IM and BB to NB/WB OOBE -40 d. Bm Overload Range (OL) BB to NB/WB IM -20 d. Bm -30 d. Bm NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 36 www. NPSTC. org
DWE Currently Proposed* PFD Limits Interferer Type Individual PFD (d. Bm) Cumulative PFD (d. Bm) Narrowband -40 -35 Wideband -38 -33 Broadband -30 -25 *Still Looking at final PFD recommendations, and at what site distance it should be measured NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
DWE Best Practices • Pay attention to planning around and resolving these issues at the Regional Planning and Frequency Coordination level – Should not create issues that need to be resolved later by adding cost to systems • Bring system design team into Regional Planning and Frequency Coordination – Frequency coordination and channel selection must happen early in the system design process • Best practices to mitigate near/far effects – Use additional filtering and guard band to reduce OOBE – Limit undesired power at the ground (PFD Restrictions) to reduce IM and OL – Raise desired power at the ground in appropriate areas to combat OOBE and IM • Other sources of guidance – Motorola Technical Appendix to the Nextel Best Practices Guide – TIA TSB-88 – FINAL NPSTC COEXISTANCE GUIDELINES – 1 Q 07 NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council Example (1) Deployment of NB/BB/WB within a County NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
County BB and NB Coexistence • Suppose in a given County, there is a desire to deploy 700 MHz BB data. – Area: – Population: – BB Data Sites: 950 mi 2 120, 000 30, each 100 foot high, with 6 -km cell radius • In the County there is already a 700 MHz NB system deployed – NB Voice Sites: 6, each 150 to 350 feet high • How can this be done? • What impacts need to be examined? • How will the co-deployments affect each others performance? NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
First: Where do we put the BB • Need to decide where in the frequency band the BB can be deployed. – There either needs to be a guard band or guard distance • Since the guard distance is zero, a guard band must be employed • How big should the Guard band be – As big as it needs to be to meet the OOBE limitations – External filters may be used here to control OOBE NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Guard Band, OOBE and Filtering • A combination of filtering and guard band will be required to meet the OOBE limitations into the nearest NB incumbent – 76 + 10 log. P – -46 d. Bm / 6. 25 k. Hz NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications BB/WB NB For reasonable filtering, about a 1 -MHz Guard band would be required This can be reduced through tighter filtering www. NPSTC. org
Second: How Do We Coordinate? • Assume the OOBE level as the main transmitter power into the antenna. • Run area reliability degradation study as we would for narrowband. • We will see that this passes NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Macro Example: County Deployment Example County Area: Population: NB Voice Sites: BB Data Sites: 950 mi 2 120, 000 6 30 Propagation Model Longley Rice 1. 2. 2. Median Mode No LULC Broadband Sites 30 -m Transmitter Height -38 d. Bm ERP OOBE 6 -km Site Radius NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications Power (d. Bm) Received 44 www. NPSTC. org
Macro Example: County Deployment Desired Signal (NB Site Coverage) Undesired Signal (BB Site Coverage) Received Power (d. Bm) NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 45 www. NPSTC. org
Macro Example: County Deployment S/I (d. B) Signal to Interference NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 46 www. NPSTC. org
Macro Example: County Deployment Results – Broadband Effects No significant interference effects 0. 01% Reduction in Area Reliability S/N, S/( I+N) Distributions Identical Impacts would be greater for less reliable designs NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 47 www. NPSTC. org
Impacts Near Sites • Incumbent should look at the areas around the sites • Look at the average desired power near the sites. – In this case, it is all greater than -79 d. Bm into a dipole receive antenna (mobile coverage) • Compute the average impact around the sites – With the applicant meeting OOBE and PFD limits • Decide whether or not to increase desired power near the sites – Are the areas critical? – Is the coverage degradation unacceptable? NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Impacts Near Sites • OOBE Impacts: – OOBE Level at ground at a D = 150 -m • -36 d. Bm – 70 d. B = -106 d. Bm – Reliability at a distance D • Assume undesired has no effect • R = 1 – Qerf((-79 – 18 – (-106))/8) = 0. 87 or 87% • IM Impacts: – Require applicant to show that (1) PFD limits are met, or (2), get agreement that degradation near the sites is acceptable to the incumbent – If PFD is met, then it is up to the incumbent to increase desired power if coverage degradation near the BB sites is unacceptable NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council Example (2) Deployment of BB/WB within/between Regions NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Co-Channel WB/BB Requests Lets look at Several folks wishing to deploy BB (1. 25 MHz) and WB (50 -k. Hz) systems: A D C B E County A: Wideband (8 -Chan) County B: Wideband (8 -Chan) County C: Broadband (1 -Chan) County D: Wideband (8 -Chan) County E: Broadband (1 -Chan) Note that these systems span three Regions NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications 51 www. NPSTC. org
What to Look For • First: Can the systems operate non co-channel? – See below, there are three broadband channels available. – We only need two BB channels – The WB could use spectrum in the third, on between the BB channels 6 -MHz Flexible Use C E Flexible Use A, B, D NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
How About Worst Case? • Lets assume worst case – All systems operate co-channel – Reasonable, since there also other systems out there that need to use the spectrum as well Flexible Use C and E Flexible Use A, B, D NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Co-Channel Coupling • System A, WB, 8 -50 k. Hz Channels – 0 -d. B (100%) Coupling from Sys-B and Sys-D – 14 -d. B Coupling from Sys-C and Sys-E • 10 log(50 / 1250) = -14 d. B • System B, WB, 8 -50 k. Hz Channels – 0 -d. B (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-D – 14 -d. B Coupling from Sys-C and Sys-E • 10 log(50 / 1250) = -14 d. B • System C: 1. 25 MHz BB – 0 -d. B (100%) Coupling from Sys-B and Sys-D – 0 -d. B (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-B, and Sys-D • System D, WB, 8 -50 k. Hz Channels – 0 -d. B (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-B – 14 -d. B Coupling from Sys-C and Sys-E • 10 log(50 / 1250) = -14 d. B • System E: 1. 25 MHz BB – 0 -d. B (100%) Coupling from Sys-B and Sys-D – 0 -d. B (100%) Coupling from Sys-A and Sys-B, and Sys-D NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Analysis • Analysis will follow the model set out earlier…Except • We do not have a mature CPC model for data reliability and or goodput degradation • For the high speed data systems (or any data systems), this is a need that needs to be worked on. • Ongoing work in several areas to fill this need – NPSTC (BB Task Force and Ad Hoc Joint TWG), RPCs, TIA/TR-8. 18, etc NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council Q&A and Feedback NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Q&A and Feedback • This is a lot to pack into 90 -minutes • I will be happy to go these concepts this again at area RPC meetings – Usually attend Region 8, 30, 55 meetings – Often attend Region 19 and 28 meetings as well • Any Questions? • Any Feedback? NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
Contact for Further Information Sean O’Hara Business Area Manager – Analysis, Communications, and Collection Systems Syracuse Research Corporation ohara@syrres. com 315. 452. 8152 office, 315. 559. 5632 mobile David Eierman Principle Staff Engineer Motorola david. eierman@motorola. com 410. 712. 6242 office NPSTC: The Collective Voice of Public Safety Telecommunications www. NPSTC. org
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