National Poultry Improvement Plan DEFINITIONS • Backyard poultry – Small flocks which may or may not be kept ‘for profit’ • Pure-bred breeders, 4 -Hers, family flock(s) for meat and/or eggs, etc. • Pasture poultry – A management method, regardless of flock size
BACKYARD POULTRY • Pure-bred breeders – Hatcheries sell day-old chicks to poultry fanciers – Poultry fancier that breed their own flock, not necessarily for sale
BACKYARD POULTRY – Poultry projects: Very from state-to-state and within a state • Meat chicken, turkey, duck, goose, pigeon, guinea fowl • Egg layers: brown or white chicken eggs • Purebred chicken, turkey, duck, goose, pigeon (rollers, homers), guinea fowl
NPIP CERTIFIED • National Poultry Improvement Plan – Probably the greatest single factor which limited the early expansion of the U. S. poultry industry was the disease known as Bacillary White Diarrhea (BWD), caused by Salmonella pullorum. • This disease, later called pullorum disease, was rampant in poultry and could cause upwards of 80% mortality in young poultry. • The causative organism was discovered by Dr. Leo Rettger in 1899 and a diagnostic blood test was developed by Dr. F. S. Jones in 1913. • Egg transmitted
NPIP CERTIFIED • National Poultry Improvement Plan – Kentucky program run through state veterinarian in the Department of Agriculture, Division of Animal Health – Poultry program coordinator: Sue Blair • Phone: 502 564 -5665 ext. 248 • Email: sue. blair@ky. gov
BACKYARD POULTRY • Family flock(s) for meat and/or eggs – Chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, pigeons, quail, guinea fowl, etc
WHITE EGG LAYERS What do they have in common? White ear lobes
BROWN EGG LAYERS What do they have in common? Red earlobes
Green eggs
AMERAUCANAS versus ARAUCANA Ameraucanas: Beard and muffs Tail Araucanas: No beard Tuffs, not muffs No tail
BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCK versus DOMINIQUE Barred Rock: Single comb Dominique: Rose comb
FAQs • How can I tell if an egg is going to hatch a male or female, so I only set eggs for laying hens?
Sexing eggs before incubating: Is it possible? • Old wives’ tale – Shape of the egg: Football shaped eggs house male chicks and more oval or round -shaped eggs house female chicks – 50% accuracy which is slightly higher than for lucky guessers
FAQs • I hatched out some chicks, but I am not allowed to keep roosters where I leave. How can I tell which is which?
Sexing young poultry • Old wives’ tale – Tying a needle or weight to the end of a piece of string and hold it over the young animal. If it the motion of the object is in a circular motion it is a female. If the motion is back and forth it is a male. – 50% accuracy which is slightly higher than for lucky guessers
Sexing young poultry • Sex-linked characteristics – Requires a specific breeding program only – With proper training, is 100% accurate
Avian Genetics • Mammals • Birds – Male XY – Female XX – Male ZZ – Female ZW – Males determine sex of offspring – Females determine sex of offspring
BLACK SEX-LINKS (also called Rock Reds) X Non-barred male Barred male Offspring: - Both sexes hatch out red but males have a white dot on their heads - Males feather out with Barred Rock pattern and females feather out black
RED SEX-LINKS Golden Comet X White rock with silver factor Offspring: - Males hatch out white - Females hatch out buff and feather out buff with white or tinted undercolor
RED SEX-LINKS Cinnamon Queen X Silver laced Wyandotte Offspring: -Males hatch out white -Females hatch out red and feather out red with white or tinted undercolor
RED SEX-LINKS • Other red sex-link crosses (just referred to as ‘red sex-links’ – Rhode Island White female x Rhode Island Red male – Delaware female x Production Red male
OTHER SEX-LINK CROSSES • California Gray rooster x White Leghorn hen = California White – California Gray is a dual purpose breed that has a heavier type than a leghorn – Not flighty birds – Are excellent winter layers in cold climates • Popular in northern Midwest and Canada
SEXING YOUNG POULTRY • Vent sexing – Developed by a Japanese professor, Kiyoshi Masui – Involves holding the day-old chick upside in one hand while visually examining the vent area for the presence or absence of a rudimentary male sex organ. – Trained, non-professionals typically 60 -70% accuracy – Professionals typically have 95% accuracy
SEXING YOUNG POULTRY • Best way to tell is to wait till they grow up Tail feathers Comb size Wattle size Spur size
FAQs: Why have my hens stopped laying?
FAQs: Why have my hens stopped laying? • • Nutrition Disease Age Management
Why have my hens stopped laying? Management – Light: For most of the year require supplemental light to maintain egg production
FAQs related to eggs • Where does the chick develop in an egg? • There are these red spots in my eggs. Are these embryos?
No Fertilization has occurred
Candled appearance of a blood spot
FAQs related to eggs • Is there any chance that the eggs from the store will hatch in my fridge? • If I put fertile eggs in the fridge and then decided to incubate them later, will they still hatch? • Is it okay to eat fertile eggs? • How can I tell if an egg is fertile without breaking it open?
KIDS AND CHICKS • Will my kids get sick from handling baby chicks at the petting zoo? • Can my kids catch chicken pox from our chicken flock?
KIDS AND CHICKS • My kid was holding a chick and it just seemed to die in his/her hands. Is this normal? Were they stressed out? Were they sick? – The avian and mammalian respiratory systems are very different: It is possible to suffocate a bird by holding it too tight?
HUMANS Tidal respiration
Unique feature of birds: Air sacs
Air flow in avian lungs is in one direction
Birds don’t have a diaphragm Inspiration Expiration
FAQs: Housing • Are there any blue-prints I can use for building a house for my small poultry flock?
DEFINITIONS • Backyard poultry – Small flocks which may or may not be kept ‘for profit’ • Pure-bred breeders, 4 -Hers, family flock(s) for meat and/or eggs, etc. • Pasture poultry – A management method, regardless of flock size
Pasture poultry
Pasture poultry Portable, bottomless pens
Pasture poultry Automatic waterer Feed trough
Pasture poultry
Pasture poultry Remote monitoring
Day-range: Moveable, bottomless hoop barns Pasture area surrounded by fence, mainly to keep predators out
Day-range: Moveable, bottomless hoop barns To close the broilers in at night ‘Uses up’ the pasture
Day-range: Turkeys Heritage turkeys are becoming popular
Day-range: Fixed housing for locking the birds up at night, free to roam around during the day
Day range: Geese
Free-range poultry Multiple-age laying flock: A different breed introduced each year so that the age of the hens can be tracked Barred Plymouth Rock Rhode Island Red Barred Plymouth Rock
Free-range poultry
Day range: ‘Eggmobile’
FAQs: Housing • I want to have a small flock for meat and egg production. What kind of housing should I build? Can I renovate existing buildings?
FAQs: Housing • Is it okay to house different species of poultry together?
FAQs: Processing • Where can I get my birds processed?
POULTRY PROCESSING • Very few independent/custom processors • ‘Mobile’ slaughter facility • Home slaughter
SLAUGHTER/BLEED OUT
SCALDING
DEFEATHERING/PLUCKING
REMOVE FEET
‘FREE’ CROP
OPEN ABDOMEN
EVISCERATE Drop area allows for easy disposal of waste material
REMOVE LUNGS
FAQs: Processing • I processed my chickens and they looked fine, but when I cooked them and went to carve the chicken for dinner, there was green disgusting meat in the breast. What is this?
Green Muscle Disease
BROILER QUALITY: Green muscle disease • Also called Deep Pectoral Myopathy • A non-infectious, focal bi- or uni-lateral necrosis of the deep pectoral muscle (breast tenderloin) • Initially noticed in fast growing turkeys • Recently observed sporadically in heavy broilers destined for deboned breast meat production – Lesions observed during processing indicate that birds are either genetically predisposed to this condition or some "stressor" acts as a trigger this condition during the pre-slaughter phase
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