Nanochemistry in the New Leaving Certificate Chemistry Syllabus

Nanochemistry in the New Leaving Certificate Chemistry Syllabus Dr Justin D. Holmes 30 th Annual Chem. Ed Conference, UCC 22 Oct 2011 1

Draft Chemistry Syllabus (Leaving Certificate) Unit 2: Properties, Structure and Bonding Students learn about Student should be able to 2. 6 Technological applications of chemistry Discuss the terms : nanoscience, nanochemistry and nanotechnology Describe and discuss how incorporation of carbon nanotubes into polymer composites can alter the mechanical properties of these composites Describe/discuss the electronic properties and potential applications of carbon nanotubes 2

What is Nanoscience, Nanochemistry and Nanotechnology? Nanoscience - the study of matter at very small length scales: 100 nanometres and below. Nanochemistry – the synthesis of nanoscale building blocks of different size, shape, composition, surface structure, charge and functionality. Nanotechnology - the products that are derived from this knowledge So what is the big deal? 1. Novel and sometimes unexpected properties…. . 2. Can design materials to have specific properties 3. Small matter is constantly moving…can arranges itself to form interesting and useful objects, e, g. part of a computer chip, or cure for cancer…but you need to know the rules! 3

What is a Nanometre? Nanos [Greek]: the dwarf 1 mm A Nanometre is a millionth fraction of a millimetre 4

How big: Atom compared to an apple? 1 nanometre length corresponds to five atoms side-by-side Atom 5 © CRANN 09 3/16/2018 Apple Earth 5

? 20 10 10 1 m Sc a l Sub e atom Part ic/N ucle icle ar 10 10 - 6 m 9 m /Ato ? cula r mic Mole 10 - pic” 10 - osco “Nan opic “Mic rosc 10 1 0 m m ” c” “Ma cros copi ctic Gala Nano: The Middle Ground 10 m ? 15 m 6

Why the Hype about Nanotechology? Internet search engine ~ 10 Million hits Nanotechnology is on the way to becoming the FIRST $Trillion Market Nanotechnology affects almost every aspect of daily life, e. g. security or medicine 7

Nanotechology: Research to Applications 8

Remember the Transistor Electron tube Transistor Integrated circuits Notebook Mobile Phone Internet 9

Electronics & Molecules Getting smaller and smaller Tube Transistor Molecule ? Chip $ $ 5 cm 5 mm < 5 nm 0. 05 m 0. 000, 005 m < 0. 000, 005 m More transistors per laptop than people on planet Earth 10

New Materials: Lotus Effect Nelumbo nucifera, the sacred Lotus flower. 11

Stain Resistant Fabrics No More Restaurant Disasters! 12

Nanoparticles/Nanospheres in Cosmetics Small crystal size and controlled particle size: - give excellent dispersibility, - make skin feel attractive, - transparent on the skin May increase protection against both UVA and UVB rays Helps increase penetration of active material into skin 13

Scratch Resistant Materials Nano. Tek® Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles 14

Therapies Based on Nanoparticles Antibody that recognises cancer cell Drugs for release “Magic Bullets”…specifically designed to target cancer cells 15

But that’s not all - Small Stuff is Always Moving Diffusion of oxygen vacancies on Ti. O 2(110) surfaces Prof. F. Besenbacher, i. Nano Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark Aggregation of Nano-Au Materials Chemistry & Analysis Group, UCC 16

Various Forms of Carbon Allotropes of carbon have different covalent bonding arrangements 17

Properties of Carbon Allotropes Allotrope Hardness Tensile Strength Conducts Heat Conducts Electricity Coal + + + No Graphite ++ ++ +++++ Diamond +++++ Not Known +++ No Buckyballs +++++ + + Carbon Nanotubes ++++++ ++++++ 18

Unique Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 200× stronger than steel - 1/16 th weight First synthetic material to have greater strength than spider silk Excellent conductors of electricity and heat - similar to Cu Have huge potential for product development 19

Structures of Carbon Nanotubes Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs) 20

Nanotube Composites: Electronic Paper CRANN- HP Project Flexible substrate Light weight High transparency Good conductivity Prototype HP e-skins device 21

Nanotube Composites: Sporting Equipment • Badminton racquet manufacturer Yonex incorporates carbon nanotubes into their cup stack carbon nanotubes racquets (www. yonex. com) • American baseball bat manufacturer Easton Sports has formed an alliance with a nanotechnology company Zyvex to develop baseball bats incorporating carbon nanotubes • Tennis racquets also incorporate carbon nanotubes (www. babolat. com) Light weight Strength Bigger ‘sweet spot’ 22

Super Light and Strong Materials BMC designs high-tech bicycle frame with carbon nanotubes 800 g 23

Metallic vs Semiconducting SWNTs (0, 0) a 1 a 2 Ch = (10, 0) y x Metallic 24

Metallic vs Semiconducting SWNTs Ch = (10, 5) (0, 0) a 1 a 2 y x Chirality - twist of the nanotube Atomically resolved STM measurement of a carbon nanotube Semiconducting 25

Electronic Properties of SWNTs Diffusive Transport in Ordinary Materials Carriers are scattered in new directions by electrons, phonons, impurities and interfaces Ballistic Transport in Nanotubes Carriers cannot be scattered in new directions because no other directions are available 26

Electronic Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 27

Next Generation of Nanotube Technologies • Carbon nanotubes are being used to develop flat screen televisions with higher resolution than the human eye can detect • Your next TV screen could be thin, ultra-light and foldable… • Branching and switching of signals at electronic junctions is similar to what happens in nerves • A carbon nanotube ‘neural tree’ can be trained to perform complex switching and computing functions • Could be used to detect/respond to electronic, acoustic, chemical, biological or thermal signals. 28

Potential Health Risks of Nanomaterials Carbon Nanotubes Quantum Dots ©Felice Frankel Engineered Nanoparticles Critical factors: – Surface Area – Surface Chemistry – Size - deposition probability and translocation – Shape 29

Nanoscience – International Context Worldwide investment in nanotechnology research and development has increased over 20 -fold in the last 12 years – from $432 million in 1997 to about $9, 200 million in 2009. Over 35 countries have now initiated national based activities in this space and the levels of investment are increasing. 30

Who is Winning the Nanoscience Race? Top 10 Nations Ranked by Impact 1. Switzerland 2. Netherlands 3. United States 4. Canada 5. Belgium 6. Ireland 7. United Kingdom 8. Denmark 9. France 10. Japan 31

Nanoscience – Materials Research Ireland now ranked 8 th in the world in Materials Science! - Chemistry - Physics - Biology Source: Times Higher Education, August 26 th 2010 http: //www. timeshighereducation. co. uk /story. asp? sectioncode=26&storycode =413239&c=1 32

The Future 33

Summary Nanotechnology is the next wave! Will impact all sectors: from health care to next generation computers and communications - presently 10% of Irish exports are enabled by nanotechnology Anticipated € 1. 5 trillion market by 2015 Ireland has critical mass of research excellence and world-class facilities Ireland is well positioned to catch the nanotech wave! Acknowledgements Prof John Boland (TCD, CRANN) Prof Georg Duesberg (CRANN / Infineon Technologies AG) National Nanotechnology Secondary School Resource An Australian Government Initiative (www. accessnano. org) 34