Name event date Lew Fulton UNEP May 23

Name, event, date Lew Fulton UNEP May 23, 2006

Road Map of Today’s Presentation 1. Urban Growth & Air Pollution Problems: (a) Urban populations and growth rates (b) Increase in vehicle numbers (c) The cost and impacts of poor urban air quality 2. Solutions for the Reduction of Vehicle Emissions: (a) Options (b) The PCFV: (i) Introduction & mission (ii) Partners (iii) Objectives (iv) Sub-Saharan Africa example

Urban Populations – by Region Urban populations in 2000, by region

Urbanisation by Region

Vehicle Growth: Uganda Example 186, 000 26, 000 1980 34, 000 1999

Urban Air Pollution a Key Issue • WHO estimates more than 1 billion people exposed to outdoor air exceeding maximum recommended levels • Up to 800 thousand premature deaths, up to 1 million pre-native deaths • Local and global effects (climate change) • Cost of urban air pollution estimated to be 2% of GDP, in developed countries and more than 5% in developing countries (e. g. 7% China, to rise to 13% by 2020)

Urban Air Pollution a Key Issue Continued • In US almost half of urban residents exposed to harmful levels of ozone • In Nairobi, Kenya, lead levels are more than 25 times as high as WHO standards • In Shanghai, China, mobile sources are contributing between 70%-90% to air pollution such as CO, NOx, HC and particulates • GEF now recognises transport sector as key to CO 2 emissions

Air Pollution: Health Effects Premature Deaths Cancer Developmental Effects Hospitalization Asthma Attacks and Bronchitis

Strategies to Reduce Transportation Emissions in Urban Areas Environment and transport strategies: • Modal splits (subsidies & new modes) • City planning • Promoting non-motorised transport • Promoting public transport • Cleaner fuels and vehicles

Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) • Set up at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, August 2002 • To promote clean fuels and vehicles to address urban air quality • Public – private partnership • Clearing-House at UNEP Headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya

PCFV Objectives • The elimination of lead in gasoline and the phase down of sulfur in diesel and gasoline fuels, concurrent with; • The adoption of cleaner vehicle technologies website: www. unep. org/pcfv

Partners

Objective 1: Lead in Gasoline • Lead is added to gasoline to enhance octane • Lead has severe health effects • Blocks clean vehicles technologies, esp. introduction catalytic converters • Alternatives available • Lead phase out world wide • African continent, Middle East and Central Asia still using lead

Leaded Gasoline: Health & Environmental Effects (example Egypt) • Heart Attacks - 6, 500 to 11, 600 • Strokes - 800 to 1, 400 • Premature Deaths (Adults) - 6, 300 to 11, 100 • Infant Deaths ~ 820 • Average IQ Loss in Children - 4. 25 Points • Damage to cars (spark plugs, filters…) • Egypt went unleaded

Objective 2: Sulfur in Fuels • Sulfur levels in crude oil differ per region, and thus sulfur levels in fuels differ • Health effects and environment effects • Regulations differ between 10, 000 ppm and less than 25 ppm • Need for lower sulfur levels for modern engines

Sulfur: Health & Environmental Effects • Sulfur: bronchitis, asthma • PM: Cardio-respiratory problems and some constituents of fine particulate matter, such as diesel smoke, are carcinogenic • Sulfur and particulate problems (visibility) • Damage to plants and buildings • Acid rain • Vehicle engine & component damage

Sulfur Pollution: Example of Environmental Effects Source: www. stillpictures. com

Objective 3: Clean Vehicles • Need to see fuels and vehicles as a system: certain vehicles need certain fuels and vise-versa • Need to look at fuel-vehicle combination per region • Vehicles - Options: ØNo or ultra low emission vehicles ØConventional vehicles ØRetrofit vehicles

Clean Vehicles - continued Vehicles - Options: 1 - No or ultra low emission vehicles: hybrids & hydrogen 2 - Conventional vehicles modern engines, catalytic converters 3 - Retrofit vehicles esp. diesel technology; diesel traps (fuels needs? )

Activities of the Partnership

PCFV Activities • Information collection and dissemination • Substantive activities

Information: Website www. unep. org/pcfv

Information: Newsletter

Information: Regional Overviews

PCFV Substantive Activities • Global level ØWorking groups • Regional level ØRegional action plans • Sub-regional ØSub-regional workshops • National level ØDirect support

PCFV – Substantive Activities • Global Working Groups: ØValve Seat Recession (Publication Available) ØOctane ØSulfur ØPublic Awareness ØVehicles (New)

Sulphur Activities • A new PCFV sulphur publication will soon be available • Working with specific Asian countries on sulphur issues though the Clearing House and Partners • Diesel bus retrofit projects in China and Thailand • Awareness workshops on fuel sulphur issues

Progress in Sub Saharan: Africa September 2001 Unleaded Dual system

Africa January 2006 Unleaded Dual system

Situation in Asia

Thank You! www. unep. org/PCFV