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Національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка “ГЕОЛОГІЯ ТА НАФТОГАЗОНОСНІСТЬ КОНТИНЕНТАЛЬНИХ ОКРАЇН Викладач: доцент Ірина Михайлівна Національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка “ГЕОЛОГІЯ ТА НАФТОГАЗОНОСНІСТЬ КОНТИНЕНТАЛЬНИХ ОКРАЇН Викладач: доцент Ірина Михайлівна Байсарович

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Тема 3 Passive margin of Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Тема 3 Passive margin of Atlantic ocean План лекції ü Історія видобутку üГеологічна будова üІнфраструктурні питання 2

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів The North Sea 3 Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів The North Sea 3

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Тема 3 Passive margin of Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Тема 3 Passive margin of Atlantic ocean The North Sea is bounded by the Orkney Islands and east coasts of England Scotland to the west[1] and the northern and central European mainland to the east and south, including Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean. In the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, [2] narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. [1] In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, which lies in the very north-eastern part of the Atlantic. 3

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Тема 3 Passive margin of Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Тема 3 Passive margin of Atlantic ocean нафтогазоносна область Північного моря розташована в межах однойменної акваторії на території прилеглих країн (Велика Британія, Нідерланди, ФРН, Данія). Площа 700 тис. км 2, з них 500 тис. км 2 на шельфі. 3

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Розподіл економічних зон в Північному Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Розподіл економічних зон в Північному морі 4

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Тема 3 Passive margin of Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Тема 3 Passive margin of Atlantic ocean Розвідка та розробка покладів нафти і газу в Північному морі, пов’язані з виконанням великозатратних й технічно складних операцій в умовах майже постійного впливу штормових хвиль. Тому такі дослідження не проводилися аж до другої половини XX століття. Видобуток газу тут розпочатий у 1960 -х роках, а нафти — в середині 1970 -х років. 4

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Початкові пром. запаси нафти 3729 Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Початкові пром. запаси нафти 3729 млн. т, газу 8411 млрд. м 3, з них на шельфі відповідно 3430 млн. тон та 5270 млрд. м 3. Пошуково-розвідувальні роботи на суходолі проводяться з кінця минулого століття (ФРН), на шельфі геофізичні дослідження проводяться з 1959. Перше нафтове родовище на суші відкрито у 1870 (Heнхаген, ФРН, запаси 10 млн. т), на шельфі у 1967 (Дан, сектор Данії, запаси 30 млн. т). Перше газове родовище на суходолі відкрито у 1944 (Емліххайм, ФРН, запаси 5 млрд. м 3), на шельфі у 1965 (Уест-Cол, британський сектор, запаси 60 млрд. м 3). Pозробка родовищ на шельфі Північного моря розпочата у 1967. На рубежі 1986 року було відкрито 211 нафтових та газонафтових, 160 газових і газоконденсатних родовищ, з них на шельфі відповідно 97 и 58. 5

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Північноморський нафтогазоносний район площею 660 Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Північноморський нафтогазоносний район площею 660 тис. кв. км охоплює велику частину акваторії Північного моря. В Північному морі відкрито понад 100 нафтових і біля 80 газових родовищ, з яких видобувається 24% нафти і 30% газу від загальносвітового натфо- і газовидобутку. Сумарні видобувні запаси вуглеводнів оцінюються в 7, 5 млрд. т, з яких більше 4 млрд. т припадає на частку нафти. 6

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Загальний вуглеводневий потенціал Північного моря Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Загальний вуглеводневий потенціал Північного моря з прилеглою сушею оцінюється в 13, 5 млрд. т вуглеводнів (в тому числі 6 млрд. т нафти). З них безпосередньо на частку акваторії доводиться більше 10 млрд. т вуглеводнів (5, 5 млрд. т на акваторію Великобританії та 4 млрд. т на акваторію Норвегії). 7

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Основна частина запасів (90% нафти Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Основна частина запасів (90% нафти і 34% газу) тяжіє до Північноморської рифтової системи, що складається з декількох грабенів (центральний грабен, або Екофіск, Фортіз, Вікінг, Північно. Нідерландський). 7

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Geology Нафтогазоно сна о бласть Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Geology Нафтогазоно сна о бласть Північного мо ря приурочена до Північноморської синеклізи, утвореної потужною товщею палеозою (до 3 км), мезозою и кайнозою (до 6 км). Виділяють три крупних ареалу нафтогазонакопичення: - Північний, - Центрально-Північноморський, - Східно-Англійський. Родовища різноманітні за будовою, мають різні запаси переважно значні. Продуктивні відклади верхнього палеозою – палеогену. 12

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Shallow epicontinental seas like the Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Shallow epicontinental seas like the current North Sea have since long existed on the European continental shelf. The rifting that formed the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, from about 150 million years ago, caused tectonic uplift in the British Isles. Since then, a shallow sea has almost continuously existed between the highs of the Fennoscandian Shield and the British Isles. This precursor of the current North Sea has grown and shrunk with the rise and fall of the eustatic sea level during geologic time. Sometimes it was connected with other shallow seas, such as the sea above the Paris Basin to the south-west, the Paratethys Sea to the south-east, or the Tethys Ocean to the south. 13

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів During the Late Cretaceous, about Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів During the Late Cretaceous, about 85 million years ago, all of modern mainland Europe except for Scandinavia was a scattering of islands. By the Early Oligocene, 34 to 28 million years ago, the emergence of Western and Central Europe had almost completely separated the North Sea from the Tethys Ocean, which gradually shrank to become the Mediterranean as Southern Europe and South West Asia became dry land. The North Sea was cut off from the English Channel by a narrow land bridge until that was breached by at least two catastrophic floods between 450, 000 and 180, 000 years ago. Since the start of the Quaternary period about 2. 6 million years ago, the eustatic sea level has fallen during each glacial period and then risen again. Every time the ice sheet reached its greatest extent, the North Sea became almost completely dry. The present-day coastline formed after the Last Glacial Maximum when the sea began to flood the European continental shelf. 14

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin The North Sea is more than 970 kilometres long Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin The North Sea is more than 970 kilometres long and 580 kilometres wide, with an area of 750, 000 square kilometres and a volume of 94, 000 cubic kilometres. A large part of the European drainage basin empties into the North Sea including water from the Baltic Sea. The largest and most important rivers flowing into the North Sea are the Elbe and the Rhine – Meuse watershed. Around 185 million people live in the catchment area of the rivers discharging into the North Sea encompassing some highly industrialized areas. 3

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin The North Sea For the most part, the sea Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin The North Sea For the most part, the sea lies on the European continental shelf with a mean depth of 90 metres (300 ft). The only exception is the Norwegian trench, which extends parallel to the Norwegian shoreline from Oslo to an area north of Bergen. It is between 20 and 30 kilometres (12 and 19 mi) wide and has a maximum depth of 725 metres (2, 379 ft). 3

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Major features The Dogger Bank, a vast moraine, or Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Major features The Dogger Bank, a vast moraine, or accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris, rises to a mere 15 to 30 metres (50– 100 ft) below the surface. This feature has produced the finest fishing location of the North Sea. The Long Forties and the Broad Fourteens are large areas with roughly uniform depth in fathoms, (forty fathoms and fourteen fathoms or 73 and 26 m deep respectively). These great banks and others make the North Sea particularly hazardous to navigate, which has been alleviated by the implementation of satellite navigation systems. The Devil's Hole lies 200 miles (320 km) east of Dundee, Scotland. The feature is a series of asymmetrical trenches between 20 and 30 kilometres (12 and 19 mi) long, 1 and 2 kilometres (0. 62 and 1. 2 mi) wide and up to 230 metres (750 ft) deep. 3

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Geology Map showing hypothetical extent of Doggerland (c. 8, Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Geology Map showing hypothetical extent of Doggerland (c. 8, 000 BC), which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe 10

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Нефтяные месторождения залегают в сильно разбитой разрывными нарушениями северо-западной Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Нефтяные месторождения залегают в сильно разбитой разрывными нарушениями северо-западной части Европейского кратона, который не испытывал орогенических движений с конца раннего палеозоя. В результате периодического осадконакопления в послепозднепалеозойское время сформировалась толща преимущественно морских осадков мезозойского и третичного возраста мощностью в некоторых местах значительно больше 4 км. Основная масса осадков аккумулировалась в разветвленной системе Центрального грабена (или полуграбена), сформировавшегося в период растяжения океанической коры, что предшествовало раскрытию Атлантического океана. Седиментационный бассейн Северного моря оказался в какой-то степени разделенным на северную и южную части структурными «поднятиями» , протянувшимися с перерывами от северовосточной оконечности Англии до берегов Дании. 15

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Нефтяные месторождения залегают в сильно разбитой разрывными нарушениями северо-западной Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Нефтяные месторождения залегают в сильно разбитой разрывными нарушениями северо-западной части Европейского кратона, который не испытывал орогенических движений с конца раннего палеозоя. В результате 15

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin 56 Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin 56

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin C. м. н. o. приурочена к сложно построенной области Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin C. м. н. o. приурочена к сложно построенной области прогибания, охватывающей части Cреднеевропейской (байкальско-каледонской) и Зап. -Eвропейской (герцинской) платформ. Oсадочное выполнение мощностью до 12 км представлено морскими и континентальными отложениями от девонского возраста до четвертичных. Xарактерно развитие мощной соленосной толщи верхнепермского возраста (цехштейн). Cтруктурные планы надсолевых и подсолевых отложений не совпадают. Широтно вытянутым Cрединно-Cевероморским поднятием область разделяется на две впадины - Cеверо- и Южно-Cевероморскую. Зоны нефтегазо- накопления приурочены в подсолевом комплексе к склонам крупных поднятий, в надсолевом - к грабенам и впадинам. Преим. газоносны отложения каменноугольного, пермского и нижнетриасового возраста, нефтегазоносны отложения cp. и верх. триаса, юры, мела, палеогена, на глуб. от 100 до 4000 м. Kоллекторы гранулярные и трещинные, покрышки сложены глинистыми и соленосными породами. 22

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Hефти плотностью от 800 до 900 кг/м 3, малосернистые, Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Hефти плотностью от 800 до 900 кг/м 3, малосернистые, в газах повышенные содержания азота (до 50%), сероводорода (до 12%). Эксплуатируется ок. 6000 скважин фонтанным и механизир. способами. Годовая добыча (1986) 177 млн. т нефти, 186 млрд. м 3 газа, накопленная к нач. 1987 - 1, 52 млрд. т нефти и 2, 8 трлн. м 3 газа. Hефть по системе трубопроводов суммарной дл. 2000 км доставляется на нефтеперегонные з-ды в гг. Cаллом-Bo, Флотта, Kруден-Бей, Teспорт, Эсбьерг. Газ по системе газопроводов суммарной дл. 1500 км доставляется в гг. Cент-Фергюс, Изингтон, Tедлторп, Бактон, Эмден, Эсбьерг. Гл. нефтепроводы: Брент - Cаллом-Bo (дл. 260 км), Экофиск - Teспорт (дл. 360 км). Гл. газопроводы: Экофиск - Эмден (дл. 443 км), Фригг - Cент-Фергюс (дл. 410 км). B разработке участвуют гос. и частные компании "Dansk Undergrounds Consortium", "Statoil", "Conoco", "Texaco", "Hamilton Br. ", "Shell", "Esso Petroleum", "British Petroleum", "Occidental", "Phillips Petroleum", "Amoco", "NAM", "Elf Aguitaine" и др. 23

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Major features The North Sea area has been split Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Major features The North Sea area has been split into two here: 'Northern/Central' and 'Southern'. 18

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin 'Northern/Central' This expanded map (which was published in 2002) Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin 'Northern/Central' This expanded map (which was published in 2002) shows the Northern and Central North Sea fields both in UK and non-UK waters. Note, only about 75% of the UK fields currently under development or on production in this area are shown on the map. 19

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin 'Northern/Central' 20 Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin 'Northern/Central' 20

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Southern North Sea Map This expanded map (which was Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Southern North Sea Map This expanded map (which was published in 2002) shows the Southern North Sea fields both in UK and non-UK waters, as well as onshore UK fields. Note, only about 50% of the UK fields currently under development or on production in this area are shown on the map. 21

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Southern North Sea Map 22 Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Southern North Sea Map 22

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Oil and gas production will continue in the North Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Oil and gas production will continue in the North Sea for decades, the chairman of Shell UK has forecast. 23

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Even in the middle of summer, Shetland can be Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Even in the middle of summer, Shetland can be forbidding. In July 2011, when visiting dignitaries gathered to celebrate French oil company Total’s investment in a new offshore gasfield, the weather was not auspicious. “It was 6 degrees and there was horizontal rain, ” says Brent Cheshire of Dong Energy, a Danish company that is working as Total’s partner. “I thought: if it’s like this in July, God knows what it’ll be like in winter. ” 24

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin On land, it is bitter enough. Sheep huddle for Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin On land, it is bitter enough. Sheep huddle for warmth on a flat, treeless landscape scoured by rasping winds. But oil companies have to deal with an even more hostile environment offshore – deep waters, hurricane-force winds and 15 ft waves. Despite such brutal conditions, an army of energy companies has converged on the region, lured by its vast deposits of oil and gas. The area west of Shetland holds around 17 per cent of the UK’s remaining hydrocarbon reserves, with enough gas to meet 8 per cent of the country’s needs by 2016. For Britain, increasingly worried about its reliance on imported gas, the exploration of these waters is a critical strategic issue. 25

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin The oil industry has been pumping crude from the Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin The oil industry has been pumping crude from the North Sea for nearly 40 years but the easy oil and gas is nearly all gone. What remains is increasingly difficult and costly to extract. Some of it is heavy, viscous crude that must be heated or chemically treated to make it flow, or oil that is boiling hot and at dangerously high pressure. Or it is in remote locations like the north Atlantic west of Shetland. That is where Total has ventured, investing £ 3. 3 bn to develop two natural gasfields off Shetland called Laggan and Tormore that finally come on stream next year after five years of painstaking preparation. Technically, it is a difficult operation. Unable to operate platforms above the surface of the sea in an area prone to some of the UK’s worst storms, Total has opted to build the production system 600 m down on the seabed, 140 km from land. The gas will then be taken back to land in one of the world’s longest “tieback” pipe networks. 26

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin List of oil and gas fields of the North Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea 27

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Netherlands Onshore Rijswijk oil field - An Oilfield with Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Netherlands Onshore Rijswijk oil field - An Oilfield with a Lower Cretaceous reservoir Schoonebeek oil field - largest onshore oilfield in Western Europe Groningen gas field - huge gas discovery Offshore (serviced from Den Helder) Zuidwal Ameland - (whether this will be developed onshore or offshore is an open question) De Ruyter oil field - Most recent offshore oil development (2006) Hanze oil field - Most northern oil field in Dutch sector (2001) Many fields in Quadrantrs P, Q, K, L, some in blocks E, F 28

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Onshore Wytch Farm - BP's largest onshore development now operated by Perenco Singleton, West Sussex - situated across the valley from Goodwood Racecourse (several other prospects along strike on the South Downs) East Midlands oilfield, centred on Eakring, Nottinghamshire and extending up to Eskdale, North Yorkshire and the Pickering / Kirby Misperton structure under Ryedale. Offshore (Southern North Sea) (serviced from Easington, Lowestoft, Hartlepool, Yarmouth and near Skegness) Hewett - Triassic, operated by Eni Dotty - Triassic Leman - Rotliegend Vulcan - Rotliegend, operated by Conoco. Phillips 29

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Onshore Indefatigable - Rotliegend Viking - Rotliegend - operated by Conoco. Phillips Audrey - Rotliegend - operated by Conoco. Phillips Ann - Rotliegend - operated by Conoco. Phillips Amethyst gasfield - Rotliegend - operated by BP West Sole gasfield -Rotliegend Rough gasfield - used for Natural gas storage Cleeton gasfield - Rotliegend Ravenspurn gasfield - Rotliegend Caister gasfield - Carboniferous sandstone, - operated by Conoco. Phillips Murdoch gasfield- Carboniferous sandstone, - operated by Conoco. Phillips Gordon gasfield - Triassic Forbes gasfield - Triassic Esmond gasfield - Triassic 30

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Offshore Irish Sea (serviced from Liverpool, Blackpool and Morecambe) Douglas gas field - Triassic, operated by BHP Lennox gas field - Triassic, operated by BHP Hamilton gas field - Triassic, operated by BHP Morecambe gas field - Triassic, Operated by Centrica Millom gasfield - Triassic, operated by Burlington Resources Offshore (Central North Sea) (serviced from Aberdeen and Hartlepool) Argyll & Duncan Oilfields - Rotliegend / Zechstein Auk oilfield - Rotliegend / Zechstein, Operated by Talisman Energy Clyde oilfield - Fulmar sandstone operated by Talisman Energy Fulmar oilfield - Fulmar sandstone, Operated by Talisman Energy J-Block gasfield - Triassic, Chalk and Palaeocene, operated by Conoco. Phillips Elgin-Franklin gasfield - Fulmar sandtone and Middle Jurassic, operated by Total S. A. Shearwater gas/condensate field - Jurassic Fulmar sandstone - operated by Shell U. K. Limited Erskine gasfield -Middle Jurassic sandstone - operated by 31

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Offshore Gannet oilfield (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) - Eocene, Palaeocene and Jurassic - operated by Shell U. K. Limited Scoter gas/condensate field - operated by Shell U. K. Limited Merganser gas/condensate field - operated by Shell U. K. Limited Pierce oilfield - Palaeocene - operated by Shell U. K. Limited ETAP gas field complex includes Marnock, Machar, Monan, Mungo, Madoes and Mirren fields, Operated by BP Heron Cluster oil fields - Triassic Skagerrak Formation - includes Heron, Egret and Skua - operated by Shell U. K. Limited Arbroath oilfield - Plaeocene, Forties Sandstone, operated by Talisman Energy Blane oil field - Paleocene, Forties Sandstone, operated by Talisman Energy Montrose oilfield - Paleocene, Forties Sandstone, operated by Talisman Energy 32

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Offshore Group Everest gasfield - Palaeocene, Forties Sandstone operated by BG Group Armada gasfields - Palaeocene and Jurassic Fulmar, operated by BG Group Kittiwake oilfield - Operated by Petrofac Nelson oilfield - Palaeocene, Forties Sandstone, Operated by Shell Oil Forties oilfield - Palaeocene, Forties Sandstone operated by Apache North Sea Britannia gasfield - Lower Cretaceous, Operated by Conoco. Phillips and Chevron Alba oilfield - Eocene operated by Chevron Buchan oil field - Devonian Sandstone - Operated by Talisman Energy Ettrick oilfield - Upper Jurassic 33

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Offshore Buzzard oilfield - Upper Jurassic operated by Nexen, largest discovery in last 25 years Andrew oilfield - Palaeocene, operated by BP Moira oilfield - Palaeocene Maureen oilfield - Palaeocene (abandoned, platform removed) was operated by Phillips Petroleum) Cyrus oilfield - Palaeocene Balmoral oilfield - Palaeocene Gryphon oilfield- Eocene Operated by Maersk Oil Harding oilfield - Eocene Operated by TAQA (formally BP) Tiffany oilfield - Upper Jurassic Toni oilfield - Upper Jurassic (subsea tie back to Tiffany) Thelma oilfield - Upper Jurassic (subsea tie back to Tiffany) Sycamore oilfield - Upper Jurassic (subsea tie back to Tiffany and Brae) Brae oilfield Upper Jurassic (several satellite accumulations) operated by Marathon Oil Miller oilfield - Operated by BP 34

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Offshore (Moray Firth) (Serviced from Aberdeen) Beatrice oilfield- Upper Jurassic operated by Talisman Energy Unnamed, yet, Senergy Claymore oilfield - Upper Jurassic operated by Talisman Energy Piper oilfield - Upper Jurassic operated by Talisman Energy, produced from Piper Bravo platform after loss of Piper Alpha Tartan oilfield - Upper Jurassic operated by Talisman Energy Scott oilfield - Upper Jurassic operated by Nexen Ross oilfield - Upper Jurassic (small development by Talisman Energy; within sight of Peterhead) o. Blake oilfield -Lower Cretaceous, operated by BG Group 35

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Offshore (Northern North Sea) (serviced from Aberdeen) Beryl oilfield upper Jurassic operated by Apache North Sea (with offshoots to Linhe, Ness. . . ) Bressay oilfield Bentley Oil Field south east of Bressay and owned by Xcite Emerald oilfield Captain Oilfield operated by Chevron it contains two platforms the WPP linked to the BLP by a bridge and an FPSO for oil storage. The field also has a tie in to the Frigg system to pump gas Strathspey oilfield (Subsea tie-back to Ninian Central) Columba oilfield (extended-reach drilling from Ninian platforms) Ninian oilfield 3 platforms operated by Canadian Natural Resources Limited 36

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Offshore (Northern North Sea) (serviced from Aberdeen) Lyell oilfield - Operated by Canadian Natural Resources Limited Heather oilfield Middle Jurassic operated by En. Quest PLC Brent oilfield Middle Jurassic operated by Shell (4 main platforms, plus Brent Spar) Dunlin oilfield Middle Jurassic operated by Fairfield Hutton oilfield (produced from the innovative Tension-leg platform; decommissioned 2001 was operated by Conoco) Cormorant oilfield Middle Jurassic operated by TAQA Tern oilfield Operated by TAQA formerly by Shell Oil Eider oilfield Middle Jurassic operated by TAQA Murchison oilfield Straddles the Norwegian median line. Operated by Canadian Natural Resources Limited Don oilfield Magnus oilfield - Operated by BP North Alwyn oilfield - Operated by Total S. A. Dunbar oilfield - Operated by Total S. A. 37

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin United Kingdom References DTI Brown book and DECC website Offshore (West of Shetland) (Serviced from Aberdeen) Clair oilfield - Operated by BP. A very large, but high viscosity field. Schiehallion oilfield - Operated by BP Foinaven oilfield - Operated by Teekay Petrojarl on behalf of BP Rish 38

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Germany Onshore Wietze near Hanover, discovered in 1859. The Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Germany Onshore Wietze near Hanover, discovered in 1859. The Schoenebeek field of the Netherlands extends across the border. Offshore Mittelplate, approx. 2 Mio m³/a of crude oil production A 6/B 4, gas field 300 km in the North Sea, gas transport via the NOGAT pipeline 39

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Denmark Nothing onshore Offshore development is abundant. Of the Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Denmark Nothing onshore Offshore development is abundant. Of the 19 fields, 15 are operated by Maersk Oil and Gas as part of the Dansk Undergrunds Consortium, with the remaining 4 operated by DONG Energy (3) and Hess (1). [1] Nils oilfiled Skjold oilfield- Chalk reservoir Gorm oil and gasfield - Chalk reservoir Roar oilfield - Chalk reservoir Harald oilfield - Chalk reservoir Dan oil and gas field - Chalk reservoir Kraka oilfield - Chalk reservoir Halfdan oil and gas field - Chalk reservoir Tyra oil and gas field - Chalk reservoir 40

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Denmark Nothing onshore Offshore development is abundant. Tyra Southeast Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Denmark Nothing onshore Offshore development is abundant. Tyra Southeast oil field Svend oil field Valdemar oilfield Lulita gas field Regnar oil field Rolf oil field Dagmar oil field Siri oil field Nini oil field Cecilie oil field South Arne oil and gas field 41

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Norway Offshore developments. Serviced from Stavanger, Bergen, Kristiansund Central Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Norway Offshore developments. Serviced from Stavanger, Bergen, Kristiansund Central North Sea Hod oilfield - Chalk reservoir, operated by BP Valhall oilfield - Chalk reservoir, operated by BP Eldfisk - Chalk reservoir, operated by Conoco. Phillips Ekofisk - Chalk reservoir, operated by Conoco. Phillips Embla oilfield - Devonian / Permian Reservoir, operated by Conoco. Phillips Tor oilfield - Chalk reservoir, operated by Conoco. Phillips Albuskjell oilfield - decommissioned Tambar oil field- Upper Jurassic sandstone reservoir, operated by BP Ula oil field- Jurassic sandstone reservoir, operated by BP Gyda oil field - Jurassic sandstone reservoir, operated by Talisman Energy Blane oil field - Paleocene sandstone reservoir, operated by Talisman Energy Oselvar oil field - operated by DONG Energy Cod oilfield- decommissioned 42

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Norway Northern North Sea Sleipner oilfield - Jurassic and Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Norway Northern North Sea Sleipner oilfield - Jurassic and Palaeocene reservoirs, operated by Statoil Brisling oilfield Bream oilfield Balder oilfield - Palaeocene/Eocene, operated by Exxon. Mobil Frigg gas field Large Eocene reservoir gas field Gudrun gas/oil field Jurassic reservoir, high pressure, being developed by Statoil Hild gas field Heimdal gas field - Palaeocene reservoir, operated by Statoil. Vale gas field - operated by Statoil 43

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Norway Oseberg oilfield Middle Jurassic sandstone reservoir operated by Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Norway Oseberg oilfield Middle Jurassic sandstone reservoir operated by Statoil Grane oil field - operated by Statoil Brage oil field - operated by Wintershall Troll Largest gas field in North Sea operated by Statoil. Gullfaks oil field - Middle Jurassic reservoir operated by Statoil Statfjord along strike from Brent, but structurally deeper, partially in UK sector. Operated by Statoil Snorre oilfield - Middle Jurassic reservoir operated by Statoil Marihøne oil field - operated in Partnership by Marathon Oil, Conoco Phillips and Lundin Petroleum Murchison oil field (part of; produced through UK) operated by Canadian Natural Resources Limited Agat 44

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Infrastructure 44 Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Infrastructure 44

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets The Andrew platform Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets The Andrew platform (pictured) is going through a period of significant investment and transformation 46

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Major projects Clair Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Major projects Clair Ridge Operator: BP Clair Ridge is a £ 4. 5 billion investment in the second phase of development on the Clair field which lies 75 km to the west of the Shetland Islands, extending over an area of 220 km² in water depths of approximately 140 meters. The project will comprise two new bridge-linked platforms housing production, accommodation and drilling facilities, as well as new pipeline infrastructure to connect to processing facilities on Shetland. A Lo. Sal® unit will be provided to increase oil recovery and provision will be made for future subsea tie-backs. 47

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Kinnoull Operator: BP Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Kinnoull Operator: BP Working Interest: 77% The project consists of the development of the Kinnoull reservoir along with preinvestment work to enable future development of the Arundel and Lower Cretaceous (LC) reservoirs. Kinnoull is 28 km northeast of the existing Andrew Platform in approximately 115 meters of water. The project consists of three subsea wells drilled as a single cluster. Tie back to the platform will be via a 28 km pipeline. Oil will be exported from the platform to the Forties Pipeline System and gas will be exported through the CATS system. Significant brownfield modifications to the Andrew platform include the addition of a 750 tonne process module, installation of a 220 tonne riser caisson, strengthening of the Andrew decks and associated tieins. 48

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Quad 204 Operator: Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Quad 204 Operator: BP Working Interest: 36. 3% The Quad 204 project is a £ 3 billion development of the greater Schiehallion field area, comprising of a new floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel, new seabed infrastructure and utilising enhanced oil recovery technology. Due to come onstream in 2016, the Quad 204 project will extend production from the hub beyond 2015. The project is designed to produce 130 mbd of oil and 220 mmscfd of gas compression. Gas will be exported through sale to Magnus for Enhanced Oil Recovery purposes. 49

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Andrew The Andrew Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Andrew The Andrew platform is going through a period of significant investment and transformation that will result in it being one of the largest net producers in BP’s North Sea portfolio. Once the platform upgrade is complete and the Kinnoull reservoir connected, it will be an excellent example of how we can extend the life of a medium-sized asset and generate value. Extensive new subsea infrastructure, a new process module and structural strengthening of the platform will allow Andrew to produce for at least another decade. Bruce was discovered in 1974 and still provides an important source of gas for the UK. Production commenced in 1993 from two platforms, with a further platform added later. The high-pressure, high-temperature Rhum gas field, which is tied back to Bruce, was brought into production in 2005. Production from Rhum was suspended in November 2010 to comply with EU sanctions against Iran. A restart of Rhum would enable the Bruce hub to remain viable and to continue producing beyond 2020. 50

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets CATS The Central Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets CATS The Central Area Transmission System (CATS) pipeline and terminal has a significant part to play in the transportation and processing of central North Sea gas. It can transport up to 1. 7 billion standard cubic feet of natural gas per day, which is equivalent to 20% of the UK’s demand. CATS has more than 20 third-party customers and transports gas from BP’s ETAP and Andrew facilities. Clair, the first fixed platform in the west of Shetland area, started producing in 2005. With an estimated eight billion barrels of oil in place, it is the largest oilfield in Europe. The field was discovered in 1977, but it was only with significant advances in technology and innovative engineering that the first phase of development was made possible. Clair Ridge, the £ 4. 5 billion second phase of development, was confirmed in late 2011 and will see two new platforms installed and production starting in 2016. In 2013, a major appraisal drilling programme began to help define a possible third phase of development for Clair. 51

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets ETAP With nine Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets ETAP With nine different reservoirs and a variety of field operators, the Eastern Trough Area Project (ETAP) ranks as one of the largest and most commercially complex North Sea oil and gas developments of the past 20 years. BP is planning a major renewal programme for the field in the coming years. An accommodation ‘flotel’, to provide more bed space, will be deployed to allow long-term reliability, fabrication and new well work to be performed alongside near-term, production-adding work. BP sees significant potential and remaining field life in the ETAP asset – a reason why, in 2012, the company increased its equity share in the asset. 52

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Foinaven was the Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Foinaven was the first deepwater oilfield to be developed in the UK and was the first development field west of Shetland. It continues to be among BP North Sea’s topproducing fields. The pioneering fast-track development was based on a network of subsea wells linked to a floating, production, storage and offloading vessel, the Petrojarl Foinaven. A significant investment programme to renew and replace some of the subsea pipeline system was completed in 2012 and production is now due to continue beyond 2020. BP is reviewing the potential for accessing additional hydrocarbons in the area, to further extend the economic life of the hub and to ensure that Foinaven continues to produce for at least another decade. 53

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Forties Pipeline System Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Forties Pipeline System The Forties Pipeline System (FPS) serves more than 80 fields and more than 40 companies and has played a major role in the development of the central North Sea. Continued investment in technology and reliability, together with careful management of the facilities, has enabled FPS to remain the single most important piece of oil and gas infrastructure in the UK. The system brings almost 40% of the UK’s oil production to the mainland. The newly-commissioned enhanced gas separation project will provide further capability and flexibility to meet the needs of current and future customers, including Andrew and ETAP. 54

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Magnus is BP’s Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin North Sea major projects and assets Magnus is BP’s oldest platform in the UK North Sea and, despite its age, remains a key asset within the company’s portfolio. The field has achieved strong oil recovery through the longterm application of a water-alternating gas (WAG) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) scheme. As part of this scheme, Magnus imports a large proportion of BP’s produced west of Shetland gas – an innovative, strategically important connection. The current Magnus drilling programme (through to 2016) represents a significant commitment and is affirmation of the further value of the reservoir. Magnus will be the first platform to benefit from BP’s North Sea renewal programme, designed to extend the life of our mature assets, while improving reliability and creating capacity for production-related activities. The investment will enable Magnus to continue to deliver its reservoir potential into the future. 55

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin It was obtained that oil-gas pools are characterized by Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin It was obtained that oil-gas pools are characterized by a lithosphere horizontal lamination and the existence of intracrust layers with density and seismic wave velocity reduced. 56

Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Hач. пром. запасы нефти 3729 млн. т, газа 8411 Лекція 6: Atlantic Passive margin Hач. пром. запасы нефти 3729 млн. т, газа 8411 млрд. м 3, из них на шельфе соответственно 3430 млн. т и 5270 млрд. м 3. Поисковоразведочные работы на суше проводятся c конца прошлого столетия (ФРГ), на шельфе геофиз. исследования проводятся c 1959. Первое нефт. м-ние на суше открыто в 1870 (Heнхаген, ФРГ, запасы 10 млн. т), на шельфе в 1967 (Дан, сектор Дании, запасы 30 млн. т). Первое газовое м-ние на суше открыто в 1944 (Эмлиххайм, ФРГ, запасы 5 млрд. м 3), на шельфе в 1965 (Уэст-Cол, британский сектор, запасы 60 млрд. м 3). Pазработка м-ний на шельфе Cев. моря начата в 1967. K 1986 открыто 211 нефт. и газонефт. , 160 газовых и газоконденсатных м-ний, из них на шельфе соответственно 97 и 58. Hаиболее крупные м-ния: нефтяные - Брент (215 млн. т), Cтатфьорд (317 млн. т), Oзеберг (145 млн. т), Фортис (100 млн. т); газовые - Гронинген (1960 млрд. м 3), Tролль (1287 млрд. м 3), Леман (340 млрд. м 3), Фригг (300 млрд. м 3). 56

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів На стадии зрелого океана осадочные Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів На стадии зрелого океана осадочные бассейны в основном синхронны самому океану (Атлантический и Индийский океаны). Осадочные бассейны предшествовавших этапов тектонического развития либо разрушены в результате деструкции побережий океанов, либо ассимилированы вновь формирующимися осадочными бассейнами, одновозрастными океану. 13

Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Осадочные бассейны пассивных окраин Атлантического Лекція 2: Сучасні методи вивчення геології морів та океанів Осадочные бассейны пассивных окраин Атлантического и Индийского океанов, как отмечалось, несут следы унаследованности от более ранних этапов тектонического развития, хотя в основном переработаны в процессе деструкции континентальных окраин и смещены в сторону континентального склона, захватывая иногда и ложе океана. Они частично сохраняют месторождения, отвечающие раннему этапу формирования окраин, и наращивают нефтегазовый потенциал за счет кайнозойского комплекса осадков. Большинство месторождений осадочных бассейнов Атлантической и Индийской континентальных окраин имеет двухъярусное строение, причем чаще всего скопления углеводородов приурочены к нижнему рифтогенному структурному этажу нефтегазоносности, хотя известны и в верхнем, позднемеловом – кайнозойском, комплексе осадков. 18

Лекція 1: Вступ до курсу СПИСОК РЕКОМЕНДОВАНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ 1. Гарецкий Р. Г. Эволюционные аспекты Лекція 1: Вступ до курсу СПИСОК РЕКОМЕНДОВАНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ 1. Гарецкий Р. Г. Эволюционные аспекты тектонических процессов. /Эволюция геологических процессов в истории Земли. – М. Наука, 1993. -240 с. 2. Хаин В. Е. , Божко Н. А Историческая геотектоника: Докембрий. М. : недра, 1988, 382 с. 3. Хаин В. Е. Эволюция геологических обстановок в истории Земли. /Эволюция геологических процессов в истории Земли. – М. Наука, 1993. -240 с. 4. Большаков В. А. Новая концепция орбитальной теории палеоклимата. М. : 2003, 256 с. 5. Плейстоценовые оледенения Восточно-Европейской равнины. М. "Наука", 1986. -203 с. 3. Загальні гігієнічні вимоги до води, яка використовується людиною 31

Лекція 1: Вступ до курсу Запитання? 32 Лекція 1: Вступ до курсу Запитання? 32